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Year 2: NeuroBiology > Lecture 5: Cerebellum > Flashcards

Lecture 5: Cerebellum Flashcards

1
Q

describe the structural division of the cerebellum in the transverse plane

A

3 lobes: Anterior, posterior, and flocculonodular

Primary fissure separates anterior and posterior lobe

posterolateral fissure separates posterior and flocculonodular lobes

all lobes can further be divided into lobules

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2
Q

cerebellum is the roof of what

A

4th ventricle

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3
Q

what lobe is the flocculonodular lobe

A

lobe X

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4
Q

what is a chiari malformaiton

A

defective development of cerebellum

herniation of cerebellim through foramen magnum

4 types with increasing severity and decreasing prevalence

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5
Q

type 1 chiari malformation

A

herniation of uvula and tonsil (components of cerebellum) through foramen magnum

CSF is NOT blocked

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6
Q

type 2 chiari malformation

A

herniation with myelomeningocele (type of spina bifida)

aka arnold chiari malformaiton

cyst?

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7
Q

type 3 chiari malformation

A

herniation of uvula and tonsil plus medulla (brainstem herniates too)

encephalocele (sac like protrusion around brainstem area from herniation)

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8
Q

type 4 chiari malformation

A

cerebellar hypoplasia (incomplete development)

most serious type

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9
Q

describe the functional division of the cerebellum in the sagittal plane

A

functions of the cerebellum are coordinated to the afferent CNS structures

divided into 3 components:
-spinocerebellum (middle/overlap of afferent from other 2 divisions)

-cerebrocerebellum (either side of spinocerebellum)

-vistibulocerebellum (where flocculonodular lobe is; not in sagittal division)

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10
Q

what are the 2 subcomponents of the spinocerebellum and their functions

A

vermis: important for posture and proximal extremity control; overlaps with vestibulocerebellum slightly

medial cerebellar hemisphere: important for distal extremity control

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11
Q

what is the lateral cerebellar hemisphere

A

subcomponent of the cerebrocerebellum

crosses laterally and has integrative function s

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12
Q

where is the fastigual nucleus and what is its function

A

in the vermis

balance and equilibrium

**some overlap of function with interposed nuclei and dentate nucleus

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13
Q

where is the interposed nucli and what are their functions

A

medial hemisphere of cerebellum (next to vermis)

extremity gross movement

2 components: emboliform nuclei anteriorly and globose nuclei posteriorly

**some overlap of function with fastigual nucleus and dentate nucleus

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14
Q

what is the dentate nucleus responsible for

A

integrative functions

**some overlap of function with fastigual nucleus and interposed nuclei

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15
Q

which nuclei of the cerebellum are in the spinocerebellum portion vs the cerebrocerebellum portion

A

fastigual and interposed are both in the spinal cerebellum

dentate nucleus is in the cerebrocerebellum

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16
Q

what is the vestibulocerebellum and its functional components

A

made up of flocculonodular lobe; most primitive functional component

projects directly to vestibular nuclei and fastigial nucleus

functional components:
-nodulus: vestibular function by the MLF (descending)
-flocculus: eye movement by MLF (ascending)

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17
Q

what is the inferior cerebellar peduncle/function

A

pathway that carries afferent and efferent signals

most complicated of the peduncles

acts as a conduit between spinal cord/brain stem/cerebellum

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18
Q

what is the middle cerebellar peduncle

A

carries afferent signals TO the cerebellum

Site of corticopontine decussation

-directly from pontine nuclei
-indirectly from neocortex

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19
Q

what is the superior cerebellar peduncle

A

carries efferent and afferent signals

decussation @ midbrain

efferent TO contralateral thalamus and midbrain (signals out of cerebellum)

afferent FROM spinal cord and brainstem

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20
Q

what artery supplies the anterior and superior posterior lobe of the cerebellum

A

superior cerebellar artery

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21
Q

what artery supplies the middle/inferior portions of the posterior lobe of the cerebellum

A

anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA)

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22
Q

what artery supplies the inferior posterior lobe of the cerebellum

A

posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA)

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23
Q

what does arbor vitae mean

A

tree of life

cerebellum is the tree of life

gray matter as the leaves, white matter as branches/trunk

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24
Q

what are the components of the “tree of life” of the cerebellum

A

Folium = leaf like basic structural unit

folia = multiple folium

lobule = multiple folia with obvious separating fissures

10 lobules total; #7 is the biggest

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25
what are the 3 layers of the cerebellar cortex (cryoartchitecture)
molecular = superficial purkinje cell layer granular layer = deep
26
what 2 types of cells can be found in the molecular layer of the cerebellar cortex and what do they synapse with
stellate cells: axons synapse with purkinje dendritic tree basket cells: axons synapse with purkinje soma like a basket
27
describe the purkinje layer of the cerebellar cortex
between other 2 layers has a central neuron for cerebellar functions (compare to pyramid cells) only neurons with efferent axons from the cerebellar cortex dendritic tree is located in the sagittal plane, perpendicular to the transverse plane and the way the lobules run
28
what 2 cell types can be found in the granular layer of the cerebellar cortex and what are their functions
golgi cells = inhibit granule cells, don't act directly on purkinje cell granule cells = most abundant neurons of the cerebellum -axons ascend to molecular later as parallel fibers (wide span) -synapse with purkinje dendritic tree UNMYELINATED
29
what cells in the cerebellum release GABA as an inhibitory neurotransmitter
stellate cell basket cell purkinje cell: only efferent neurons of cerebellar cortex golgi cell
30
what cells in the cerebellum release glutamate or aspartate as an excitatory neurotransmitter
unipolar brush cell: only in vestibulocerebellum granule cell
31
how can we differentiate between different types of purkinje cells
biomarkers are used all dendritic trees align in the sagittal plane matching functional divisions
32
describe the climbing fibers (afferent) of the cerebellar cortex
all afferent fibers go to the molecular later and cerebellar nuclei directly they come only from the contralateral interior olivary nuclei through the inferior cerebellar peduncle relay all CNS components use glutamate or aspartate as neurotransmitters multiple axon terminals; each terminal synapses with multiple purkinje cells in the same sagittal plane
33
describe mossy fibers (afferent) of the cerebellar cortex
go directly to the granular layer and the cerebellar nuclei they synapse with granular cells to spread signals out through parallel fibers (each purkinje cell can get almost 105 synapses from parallel fibers) signals are sent to the cerebellar cortex and spinal cord via all three cerebellar peduncles; glutamate or aspartate as neurotransmitters
34
describe multilayered fibers of the cerebellar cortex
go to all 3 cortical layers and nuclei afferent axons from: basal nuclei, diencephalon, RF, etc use various neurotransmitters (excitatory and inhibitory) modulate purkinje discharge rate directly or via interneurons
35
Describe the cortical inhibitory loop
climbing fibers activate the dendritic tree of purkinje fibers mossy fibers activate purkinje fibers via granule cells and parallel fibers once purkinje cells are activated they release GABA and efferent fibers from the purkinje cells inhibit the cerebellar nuclei
36
describe the deep excitatory loop
all climbing and mossy fibers project to nuclei through collateral fibers and send excitatory signals they send signals to excite the purkinje fibers but these signals also end up travelling to the cerebellar nuclei via collateral fibers
37
how often do climbing fibers fire
1-2x/sec signal only from inferior olivary nucleus synapses with dendritic tree of purkinje cells shown as a complex spike
38
how often do mossy fibers fire
30-100x/sec synapse with granule cells granule cells activate target cells via parallel fibers shown as a simple spike
39
describe what happens with mossy/climbing fibers during neuroplasticity or "learning a new trick"
climbing fibers modulate activities of mossy fibers spatiotemporal summation
40
describe the direct pathway of communication for motor function via the vestibulocerebellum
purkinje cells project to vestibular nuclei directly via the lateral vestibulospinal tract (a continuous part of the descending limb of medial longitudinal fasciculus) signals go to the trunk/SC/proximal limbs
41
describe the indirect pathway of communication for motor function via the vestibulocerebellum
purkinje cells project to the fastigial nuclei Then they can go 1 of 4 different paths: - provide bilateral signals via the MEDIAL vestibularspinal tract which mainly controls neck movement -travel up the ascending limb of the MLF which controls eye movement -directly project to SC (not much known about this path) -project to contralateral thalamic nucleus VL and then to M1 for motor control
42
what is the overall function of the vestibulocerebellum
ascending limb of medial tract = eye movement others = postural control/balance
43
what happens if there is damage to the medial longitudinal fasciculus portion of the vestibulocerebellum
function = to coordinate eye movement (CN III, IV, and VI) impairment = loss of smooth pursuit (saccades), nystagmus, and diplopia
44
what happens if there is damage to the vestibulospinal tract of the vestibular cerebellum
loss of vestibular function/postural control truncal ataxia or titubation (truncal tremor)
45
describe the cerebellar corticonuclear pathway for motor function
afferent signals mainly from SC and inferior olivary nucleus signals go to the vermis of the cerebellum and the medial cerebellar cortex via the fastigial nucleus and the interposed nucleus respectively from the nuclei, signals can travel via the superior cerebellar peduncle or the inferior cerebellar peduncle inferior cerebellar peduncle goes directly to SC superior cerebellar peduncle decussates in midbrain, projects to red nucleus, sends out motor control signals via the rubrospinal tract, projects to contralateral thalamic VL and then finally to the M1
46
motor function of the spinocerebellum
position and movement of the proximal joints of the extremities and fine motor control
47
describe how the cerebellar corticonuclear fiber pathway controls motor function of the cerebrocerebellum
48
how is the cerebrocerebellum formed/motor functions executed
cerebral pontine tracts descending into pons synapse with pontine nuclei axons from nuclei cross over pons to contralateral cerebellar lateral hemisphere cerebellar cortex projects to dentate nucleus then projects out from the superior cerebellar peduncle crosses over in midbrain projects to contralateral side of the thalamus signal is then sent to M1, premotor, supplementary motor areas, etc
49
motor functions of the cerebrocerebellum
motor planning initial activation of primary motor cortex timing of muscle contraction precise dextrous movements of extremities
50
impairments and functional loss related to damage to spinocerebellum and/or cerebrocerebellum x9
deterioration of coordination - decomposition of movement/dyssynergia dysarthria (cant speak/swallow) decrease in muscle tone (hypotonia) decrease in DTR (areflexia) ataxia (unsteady gait of LE) dysmetria (hyper = overshoot, hypo = under) intention/essential tremor (tremor with movement only) dysdiadochokinesia (cant do quick pronation/supination) nystagmus (b/c cerebellar projections to frontal eye field)
51
describe the somatotopy o fthe cerebellum
redundant anterior lobe = inverted posterior lobe = separated (back to back on either side of vermis)
52
why would a pt have more complicated S&S with an injury to the cerebellum
fractured representation of somatotopy- chimeric lost somatotopy presentation in the cerebropontine tract representation of the hand/arm are not in precise locations of the picture of the hand/arm on the somatotopy
53
describe visceral motor function of the cerebellum and how a stroke may affect this
hypothalamus projects to cerebellum through multilayered fibers hypothalamus controls ANS: initiate drives, fight or flight, rest/digest, etc and controls basic vitals stroke of cerebellum can cause visceral/sympathetic motor symptoms related to somatic motor actions
54
explain the example of visceral motor components associated with a stroke of the cerebellum (i.e. L SCA stroke)
L SCA stroke affects cerebellum somatic motor functions impaired (i.e. L intention tremor when moving hand) somatic motor impairements may be accompanied by visceral motor functional impairements as well (i.e. dilation of L pupil, flush of L face, etc) symptoms stop when movement stops S&S are related to activated sympathetic motor injury to the fastigial nucleus from the stroke causes activation of parasympathetic n and thus combined somatic and visceral symptoms
55
what sort of emotional involvement can be affected by trouble with the cerebellum/limbic system
emotion related to fastigual nucleus or medial region; emotions mainly encoded around vermis trouble with emotion initiation; get mad for no reason cant recognize via facial expressions the emotions of others lack of social cognition- behave/accept behaviors of others; no fighting because we as humans don't want to be isolated from one another naturally
56
What might you see in a PET scan of the cerebellum in regards to language and speech
PET - which part of brain is activated cerebellum activated with language R cerebellum works more with speech
57
describe the path of the viral vector when injected into brocas area
viral vector injected in brocas follows axons to thalamus VL/VA continue to dentate nucleus of cerebellum continues to cerebellar cortex goes down to to pontine nuclei via mossy fibers follows down corticopontine tract
58
how does the viral vector tracing prove the cerebellums function in cognition
broca's area was directly linked to lobule 7 between the motor functional regions
59
what functions of the CNS does the cerebellum involve
all psychomotor- all motions require cerebellar input -equilibrium -balance -stability -gross limb movement -fine distal movement cognition affect
60

Year 2: NeuroBiology (10 decks)

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