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Year 2: NeuroBiology > Lecture 4: Brainstem and midbrain > Flashcards

Lecture 4: Brainstem and midbrain Flashcards

1
Q

components of the brainstem

A

midbrain
pons
medulla oblongata

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2
Q

general functions of the brain stem

A

9 of the 12 cranial nerve nuclei - head and body functions

conduit for ascending and descending paths

integrative functions for consciousness, vital centers, etc

functions not exclusive

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3
Q

general location of brainstem

A

around cerebral aqueduct

anterior to 4th ventricle

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4
Q

function of the basilar component of the brainstem

A

contains descending tracts and pontine nuclei

mainly related to motor functions

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5
Q

function of the tegmentum component of the brainstem

A

mainly contains ascending tracts and most nuclei (including cranial nerves)

mainly involved in sensory relay and head functions/special sensation

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6
Q

function of the tectum portion of the brainstem

A

only located in midbrain - houses deep nuclei

relay path for vision and audition

reflexive pathways

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7
Q

what cranial nerves connect to the midbrain

A

CN III oculomotor

CN IV trochlear (only one; exits posteriorly and runs anteriorly)

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8
Q

what cranial nerves connect to the pons

A

CN V trigeminal
CN VI abducens
CN VII facial
CN VIII vestibulocochlear

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9
Q

what cranial nerves connect to the medulla oblongata

A

CN XII hypoglossal
CN IX glossopharyngeal
CN X vagus

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10
Q

where does CN XI attach

A

spinal accessory n attaches to spinal cord

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11
Q

the sulcus limitans in the central canal of the spinal cord divides what

A

dorsal and ventral components (sensory vs motor respectively)

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12
Q

name the order of the cranial nerve nuclei in the tegmentum of the brainstem from medial to lateral (motor to sensory)

A

Somatic motor
branchial motor
visceral motor
visceral sensory
somatic sensory
special sensation

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13
Q

where does the cranial n V nuclei reside in the brain stem and what are it’s somatic sensory functions

A

from midbrain to spinal cord (C2 level)

controls all face and anterior 1/2 of scalp somatic sensory

mesencephalic nucleus = A ganglion

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14
Q

how many functional components of CN VII, IX, and X

A

4 functional components

share the solitary nucleus

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15
Q

what cranial nerves hike onto the CN V nuclei

A

CN VII, IX, and X (special sensory) hike onto the CN V nuclei

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16
Q

what CNs share the solitary tract

A

CN VII, IX, and X for visceral sensory

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17
Q

what CNs share the ambiguous nucleus

A

CN IX, X (somatic motor)

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18
Q

superior colliculus contains what pathways

A

visual pathways

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19
Q

the periaqueductal (or central) gray contains what

A

multiple nuclei with modulating functions

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20
Q

what true ganglion does CN V attach to

A

mesencephalic nucleus

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21
Q

what nuclei does CN III connect to

A

Edinger-westphal nucleus (parasympathetic)

somatic motor nucleus (voluntary)

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22
Q

what is contained in the rostral midbrain

A

superior colliculus
periaqueductal gray
cerebral aqueduct
CN V - mesencephalic nucleus
CN III - oculomotor n
red nucleus
substantia nigra
cerebral peduncle

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23
Q

what is contained in the caudal midbrain

A

inferior colliculus
periaqueductal gray
cerebral aqueduct
CN IV trochlear n nucleus
CN V, mesencephalic nucleus
superior cerebral peduncle decussation

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24
Q

what is the only CN that crosses and exits the posterior brain stem

A

trochlear n CN IV

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25
Q

components of the the rostral pons

A

4th ventricle
CN V’s motor and principle sensory nuclei
pontine nuclei
middle cerebral peduncle

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26
Q

describe the pontine nuclei

A

prominent basilar

location of corticppontine fiber synapse

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27
Q

describe the function of the middle cerebellar peduncle in the rostral pons

A

decussation

relay corticopontine signals to the cerebellum

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28
Q

what important structures surround/connect to the caudal pons

A

4th ventricle borders (contains choroid plexus)

CN V spinal trigeminal nucleus
CN VI abducens nucleus
CN VII facial nucleus
CN VIII vestibular and cochlear nuclei
CN VII/IX superior/inferior salivatory nuclei
superior olivary nucleus

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29
Q

nucleus for CN V at caudal pons

A

spinal trigeminal nucleus

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30
Q

nucleus for CN VI at caudal pons

A

abducens nucleus

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31
Q

nucleus for CN VII at caudal pons

A

facial nucleus

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32
Q

nucleus for CN VIII at caudal pons

A

vestibular and cochlear nuclei

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33
Q

CN VII and IX also connect to what nuclei

A

superior and inferior salivatory nuclei

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34
Q

CN V connects to what nucleus at the middle pons

A

motor and principle sensory nucleus

35
Q

CN VIII connects to what nucleus at the middle pons

A

vestibular nuclei

36
Q

CN V connects to what nucleus at the medulla

A

spinal trigeminal nucleus

37
Q

CN VIII connects to what nucleus at the medulla

A

vestibulocochlear nuclei

38
Q

CN IX/X connects to what nucleus at the medulla

A

ambiguous nucleus

somatic motor

39
Q

CN X (alone) connects to what nucleus at the medulla

A

dorsal motor nucleus

visceral motor

40
Q

what CNs connect to the solitary nucleus

A

VII, IX, and X

(7, 9, and 10)

41
Q

which portion of the inferior cerebral peduncle can you see at the rostral medulla

A

restiform body

42
Q

what can you see at the caudal medulla

A

central canal
spinal trigeminal nucleus (CN V)
CN XII nucleus
inferior olivary nucleus
pyramid (main decussation of corticospinal tract)

43
Q

dorsal vs ventral horn

A

dorsal = cluster of nuclei/laminae for sensory
ventral = cluster for motor

44
Q

where does the CN V nucleus, spinal trigeminal nucleus run

A

continuous to dorsal horn laminae II/III/IV to C2 level

45
Q

where does the CN XI nucleus run

A

spinal accessory nerve

C1-C5

46
Q

where are the ascending tracts from the spinal cord (somatic sensory) located

A

in tegmentum of brainstem

47
Q

function of the dorsal column medial lemniscus tract

A

proprioception/vibration/fine touch

48
Q

describe the 3 neuron system of the ascending tracts of the spinal cord

A

1st order = dorsal root ganglion

2nd order = central process axons synapse with 2nd order in tegmentum of medulla (middle medulla/site of axon decussation)

after decussation…

3rd order = 2nd and 3rd synapse in VPL

49
Q

anterolateral spinothalamic tract is responsible for

A

pain/crude touch/temp

decussates in spinal cord

50
Q

the fasciculus gracilis (axonal bundle) carries what information from where and to where?

A

sends info from dorsal root ganglion to nucleus gracilis in the caudal medulla

carries sensory info from T6 level and below

51
Q

the fasciculus cuneatus (axonal bundle) carries what information from where and to where?

A

sends info from dorsal root ganglion to nucleus cuneatus in the caudal medulla

carries sensory info from above level of T6

52
Q

what forms the medial lemniscus

A

decussation of the axons of the 2nd order neurons in the DCML pathw

53
Q

where does the ML project to

A

VPL of thalamus

location of 3rd order neurons for synapse

54
Q

describe the rotation of the somatotopy along the DCML using the following landmarks: FG/FC in spinal cord and caudal medulla, ML in caudal medulla, ML in caudal pons, and ML in caudal midbrain

A

SC and caudal medulla: neck to foot as lateral to medial

caudal medulla: neck to foot as posterior to anterior

caudal pons: neck to foot as medial to lateral

caudal midbrain: neck to foot as anterior to posterior

55
Q

function/purpose of the corticobulbar/corticonuclear tracts in the brainstem:

A

carry singals from CN somatic motor functions

communicate with cerebellum

end in the brainstem

56
Q

describe the corticospinal tract; where do decussations occur

A

distal pyramid (junction between SC and medulla)

75-90% decussate at the distal pyramid (between SC and medulla) = lateral corticospinal tract

others decussate in the anterior spinal cord = anterior corticospinal tract

some do not decussate = ipsilateral function

all fibers end in the spinal cord and contribute to motor function

57
Q

what somatic motor pathways stem from the midbrain and are modulated by the descending corticonuclear tracts

A

rubrospinal tract and tectospinal tract\

both have decussations in the midbrain

58
Q

compare/contrast the rubrospinal and tectospinal tracts

A

both are “alternate” routes for voluntary movement

rubro spinal tract (along with corticospinal tract) terminates in the lateral anterior horn of the spinal cord and helps control distal muscles

tectospinal tract terminates in the medial anterior horn of the spinal cord and helps control postural muscles

59
Q

eye movement is especially important for what

A

coordinated stabilized vision

60
Q

what role does the corticonuclear projections play in eye movement

A

descending

controls voluntary eye movement by corticonuclear/corticospinal tract

61
Q

describe the ascending pathways of the vestibular system and their function

A

controls VOR (modulated voluntary movement or reflex)

axons form the ascending limb of the medial longitudinal fasciculus

Steps:
-vestibular nuclei (along pons and medulla)

-projects to CN VI abducens nucleus in the pons,

-then signals are sent to CN III oculomotor nerve nuclei in the midbrain

62
Q

what role do the corticospinal projections play in proprioception and balance

A

descending

control voluntary motion with corticonuclear/spinal tract

63
Q

describe the descending limb of the vestinular system

A

reflex/modulated voluntary control: Vestibulocolic and vestibulospinal reflexes

lateral vestibulospinal tract = VSR = ipsilateral proximal extremity muscle control

medial vestibulospinal tract = VCR = bilateral trunk, mainly neck and UE muscles

important tracts for balance and proprioception

64
Q

what neural pathways play a part in sympathetic motor signals

A

medial forebrain bundle
dorsal longitudinal fasciculus
mammillotegmental tract

65
Q

the medial forebrain bundle recieves info from where and ends where

A

recieves mainly from limbic system

ends in spinal cord around T1-L2

66
Q

where does the dorsal longitudinal fasciculus receive info from and end

A

mainly receives info from hypothalamus

ends in spinal cord around T1-L2

67
Q

where does the mammillotegmental tract receive info from and end

A

mainly receives info from hypothalamus

ends in brainstem

68
Q

visceral sensory follows the sympathetic motor path and mainly dectects what type of stimuli

A

nociceptive

69
Q

what CNs are responisble for parasympathetic motor for the head and what are their corresponding nuclei

A

CN III = edinger westphal nucleus

CN VII = superior salivatory nucleus

CN IX = inferior salivatory nucleus

70
Q

what CN is responsible for parasympathetic motor of the thorax/abdomen and what is the corresponding nucleus

A

vagus n (CN X) = dorsal nucleus

visceral motor functions until the end of the midgut

71
Q

what nerves are responsible for parasympathetic motor functions of the abdomen and pelvis

A

pelvic splanchnic nerve (S2-S4)

responsible for hindgut and pelvis

72
Q

visceral sensory mainly detects changes in

A

chemical and mechanical stimuli

73
Q

sensory components of CN VII/IX/X pass signals through what nucleus

A

solitary nuclei

74
Q

describe the signals that go into the cerebellum

A

cortincopontine tracts descend from the cerebral cortex and synapse with pontine nuclei

these post synaptic fibers decussate in the pons at the middle cerebellar peduncle

signals end in the cerebellum on the contralateral side from the original corticopontine tract

75
Q

describe the signals leaving the cerebellum

A

signals go to the superior cerebellar peduncle and decussate in the caudal midbrain

then signals project to the thalamus then to the motor cortex

76
Q

decsribe how the cerebellum modulates ipsilateral motor functions

A

the cerebellum crosses to the contralateral cerebrum when sending a signal into the brain

motor signals from the cerebrum then cross again to the contralateral side of the body

cerebellum signals thus cross twice and end up influencing motor function on the ipsilateral side of the cerebellar hemisphere

77
Q

what components of the deep nuclei are diffusely dispersed in the tegmentum

A

median
medial/paramedian
lateral

78
Q

what are the most complicated neurons

A

reticular formation neurons

synapses located in the whole CNS

one neuron can integrate different inputs

79
Q

what are the 2 components of the reticulospinal tract (part of descending reticular system) and their function

A

pontine reticulospinal tract = medial ventral horn; postural control

medullary reticulospinal tract = anterolateral ventral horn; fine motor control

80
Q

describe the peri aqueductal gray-raphe nuclei path of the descending reticular system

A

signals are sent from the gray to the raphe magnus nucleus to inhibit pain signals from the dorsal horn

81
Q

function of the ascending reticular activating system

A

arousal and consciousness

normal forebrain cannot function w/o input from the ARAS (how coma’s happen)

helps maintain normal sleep/wake cycle

82
Q

describe the interactions between the reticular formation nuclei and other structures in the forebrain

A

communicate via different neurotransmitters

slow and nonspecific interactions

still mainly just project to thalamus and then prefrontal cortex

83
Q

what major vitals are in the brainstem? and what ONE is controlled via the intra-hypothalamic nucleus

A

body temp = intra hypothalamic nucleus

respiratory rate, heart rate, and blood pressure all in brain stem

Year 2: NeuroBiology (10 decks)

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