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Year 2: NeuroBiology > Lecture 2: Ventricular System and Blood Supply > Flashcards

Lecture 2: Ventricular System and Blood Supply Flashcards

1
Q

development of the brain and ventricles is a result of differentiation and replication of what type of cells

A

stem cells along the vesicle

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2
Q

during development, division of the telencephalons results in the formation of what

A

2 hemishperes

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3
Q

how is the choroid plexus formed in development

A

invasion of the arterioles into the ventricles

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4
Q

during development, separation of the telencephalons from the diencephalons forms what

A

3rd ventricle

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5
Q

how are the 4th ventricles formed during development

A

dorsal separation and expansion of the metencephalon and the myelencephalon

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6
Q

what lobe contains the anterior horn of the lateral ventricles

A

frontal/limbic

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7
Q

what lobe contains the atrium of the lateral ventricle

A

parietal/limbic

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8
Q

what lobe contains the posterior horn of the lateral ventricle

A

occipital

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9
Q

what lobe contains the body of the lateral ventricle

A

frontal/limbic

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10
Q

what lobe contains the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle

A

temporal/limbic

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11
Q

what is the bird eye of the 3rd ventricle

A

cerebral aqueduct?

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12
Q

what foramen is between the lateral and 3rd ventricle

A

interventricular foramen

(of Monro)

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13
Q

what foramen is between the 3rd and 4th ventricle

A

cerebral aqueduct

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14
Q

how does CSF enter the brain

A

in the ventricles through choroid plexus

here there is no tight junction of endothelial cells and so the CSF can enter

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15
Q

what is the maintained level of CSF in the brain

A

maintained ta 150 ml

active secretion of 200-500 ml per day

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16
Q

importance of buoyancy in the brain

A

no skeletal structure to support brain

brain would collapse w/o buoyancy

decreases gravity effects by 97%

acts as shock absorption

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17
Q

functions of the CSF around the brain aside from support/shock absorption

A

regulate the chemical environment (ion concentrations act as insulator to keep off unwanted action potentials)

waste exchange

nutrition is unlikely due to low levels of proteins/glucose found in CSF

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18
Q

how many times is CSF replaced daily

A

1-3x/day

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19
Q

what direction does CSF move during systole and diastole

A

systole: cranial to caudal; out of ventricles

diastole: caudal to cranial; drain to SSS and backflow TO ventricles

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20
Q

where in the sinuses does CSF drain

A

mainly into the SSS througharachnoid granulations

only travels the one way; it can’t flow back from the SSS

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21
Q

what happens if the flow of CSF is blocked

A

hydrocephalus

can place a cranial abdominal shunt

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22
Q

describe the path of CSF from the lateral ventricles to the SSS

A

-lateral ventricle
-through foramen of Monro
-into 3rd ventricle
-through cerebral aqueduct
-into 4th ventricle
-through foramen
-into subarachnoid space
-through arachnoid granulations
-into SSS

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23
Q

where is the epidural space

A

potential space between dura and cranium

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24
Q

2 layers of the dura mater

A

periosteal and meningeal

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25
what is the falx cerebri and what does it separate
folding of meningeal layer of dura mater separates 2 cerebral hemispheres sagittal plane
26
what is the falx cerebelli
in posterior sulcus of cerebellum sagittal plane
27
what is tentorium cerebelli
separates occipital/temporal loves from cerebellum transverse plane
28
what is diaphragma sellae
separates hypophyseal fossa transverse plane
29
where is the subdural space
between dura and subarachnoid potential space
30
describe the arachnoid mater and its function
spider web like tethers brain in cranium through the arachnoid trabeculae which allows for buoyancy
31
where is the subarachnoid space
between arachnoid and pia maters true space
32
where is the pia mater
directly covers brain
33
where are the superior and inferior sagittal sinus
in superior and inferior falx cerebri respectively
34
where is the straight sinus
tentorium cerebelli
35
where is the occipital sinus
in falx cerebelli
36
what is the confluence of sinuses
gathering of SSS, straight sinus, occipital sinus
37
where dies the ISS drain to
flows horizontally bilaterally to the transverse sinus
38
where is the transverse sinus
in the cavernous sinus around the diaphragma sellae
39
what innervates the anterior cranial fossa and all above the tentorium cerebelli level
V1 branch of the trigeminal n (CN V)
40
what innervates the anterior/middle cranial fossa
V2 and V3 branch of the trigeminal n (CN V)
41
what innervates the posterior cranial fossa
fibers from C2/C3 distributed by CN X and XII
42
what innervation may contribute to cervicalgia and headaches/migraines
C2/C3 fibers along with CN X and XII innervation to the posterior cranial fossa
43
what innervates the arachnoid and pia mater
no sensory input to these areas!!
44
describe the major blood supply to the brain
brain is 2% BW but 20% body's blood supply anterior division = branches from internal carotid a posterior division = branches from vertebral basilar a
45
name the 9 members of the circle of willis
Anterior communicating artery Anterior cerebral artery x2 Internal carotid artery x2 posterior communicating artery x2 posterior cerebral artery x2
46
what major artery is NOT involved in the circle of willis, but is close by
middle cerebral artery
47
how much variation exists in the circle of willis in the human population
only 30% are "normal"
48
what does the anterior cerebral artery supply in the brain
medial/superior frontal and parietal lobes and the cingulate gyrus
49
what does the middle cerebral artery supply
lateral frontal and parietal lobes superior temporal lobe
50
what does the posterior cerebral artery supply
inferior temporal lobe occipital lobe
51
what area of the brain is represented in the sensory and motor homonculus respectively
post central gyrus/primary somatosensory cortex precentral gyri, primary motor cortex
52
stroke symptoms for an anterior cerebral artery (ACA)
contralateral lower limb sensory/motor impairment cognition/behavior/emotional problems
53
stroke symptoms for a middle cerebral artery stroke (MCA)
MOST COMMON AND MORE FUNCTIONS COMPROMISED cognition/behavior/emotion probs contralateral UPPER limb/head sensory/motor impairment lateralization of cerebrum (different symptoms depending on what side the stroke occurs) -L: language and aphasia problems -R: spatial orientation, L side neglect
54
stroke symptoms for a posterior cerebral artery stroke (PCA)
contralateral visual impairment (homologous hemianopia) memory/emotional/visual processing
55
what artery supplies the thalamus
posterior cerebral artery branches (PCA)
56
where does the middle striatal artery branch from
from the anterior cerebral artery
57
where does the lenticulostriate artery branch from
middle cerebral artery
58
what arteries supply blood to the basal nuclei and the internal capsule
medial striate artery and the lenticulostriate artery (branches from the ACA and MCA respectively)
59
what does the anterior choroidal artery supply
the internal capsule
60
what might you see with a stroke of the basal nuclei and the diencephalon
more functional loss compared to the cortical stroke still affects the contralateral body hemisphere because there is no crossing in the forebrain
61
stroke affecting the internal capsule might decrease the function of what
projection fibers in the brain; both afferent and efferent
62
a stroke involving the thalamus or basal nuclei might present with what symptoms
cognition/psychomotor/affective symptoms
63
a stoke involving the hypothalamus might have what symptoms
homeostasis may be affected life and death in some cases
64
main blood supply to the midbrain
posterior cerebral artery (PCA) superior cerebellar artery (SCA)
65
main blood supply to the pons
pontine branches of the Anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA)
66
main blood supply to the medulla
posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA) vertebral artery
67
what might you see with a stroke to the brainstem
more functional loss compared to cortical stroke ipsilateral face and CONTRALATERAL body hemisphere impairement - alternating hemiplegia arousal and consciousness can be affected due to the ascending reticular activating system
68
why does alternating hemiplegia occur with brainstem strokes
decussation of afferent and efferent fibers at different locations in the brainstem when above decussation = contralateral body motor/sensory impairement Cranial nerves 9,10, and 12 originating from the brainstem = ipsilateral functional loss
69
what is the stem of life
brainstem vital centeres located here
70
the superior cerebellar artery (SCA) supplies what regions
anterior lobe and superior posterior lobe of cerebellum Top 1/2
71
what might you see with a stroke of the cerebellum
ipsilateral functional impairment functions impaired mirror functions of cerebellum
72
why does a cerebellar stroke exhibit ipsilateral functional impairement
tracts into the cerebellum decussate in the pons or medulla/SC (at middle and inferior cerebellar peduncle) tracts out of cerenellum decussate in midbrain when ascending further into the brain (superior cerebellar peduncle) , BUT they stay ipsilateral when descending into the body (cerebellovestibular tracts)
73
where is the emissary vein and how is this problematic with infections
in loose connective tissue layer of scalp location means it can spread infection from the scalp to the meninges and brain
74
how does fluid drain TO the dural venous sinus
from emissary vein scalp to diploic veins in skull cap (calvaria) to bridging veins CSF is taken up via arachnoid granulations to SSS
75
describe the flow of drainage in the dural venous sinus system
deep brain veins drain to the great cerebral vein Great cerebral and ISS to straight sinus straight, occipital and SSS drain to confluence of sinuses to transverse sinus transverse and cavernous drain to sigmoid sinus all drain to internal jugular
76
what is the dangerous triangle
transverse sinus and cavernous sinus drain to sigmoid sinus area that makes it easy for infection to spread to the brain
77
what is the pterion
weakest point in skull merge of frontal/parietal/sphenoid bones middle meningeal artery runs deep to it and supplies meninges
78
what type of injury is common at the pterion
rupture of middle meningeal artery bi-convex hematoma (doesnt cross suture lines) "talk and die" medical emergency herniation of brain structures crossing flax cerebri need CT to check for brain hemorrhage; hemotoma from gray or white area
79
what is a subdural hemorrhage
rupture of bridging vein between meningeal layer of dura and arachnoid separates the inner layer of the meningeal dura crescent shape on imaging caused via TBI i.e. shaken baby
80
what is a subarachnoid hemorrhage
in the subarachnoid space between arachnoid and pia mater area is fluid filled with CSF and blood vessels caused by trauma/rupture of superficial blood vessel secondary to aneurysm very common site for anuerysm generally there isnt a big hematoma due to dilution via CSF
81
what is an intraventricular hemorrhage
in ventricular system malfunction of choroid plexus/neighboring arteriovenous malformation or TBI no large hematoma due to CSF dilution
82
what types of hemmorhages increase risk of hydrocephalus
subarachnoid and intraventricular bleeding into the CSF filled areas increases fluid volume
83
what is an intraparenchymal or intracerebral hemorrhage
stroke caused by HBP and other predisposed factors: -arteriovenous malformation -cavernoma -cavernous angioma -drug abuse (screening required if under 55)
84
what portion of strokes are hemorrhagic and how are they differentiated
13% of all strokes but 40% of deaths disruption of blood vessels with bleeding: AVM/aneurysm under 55 screened for drug abuse
85
what portion of strokes are ischemic and how are they differentiated
87% of strokes, 60% of deaths blockage of blood supply and hypoxia damage can be transient

Year 2: NeuroBiology (10 decks)

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