Lecture 9 Moral Development

Question 1

What are three approaches to moral development?

Answer 1

1) pschoanalytic
2) Behaviorist
3) Cognitive Developmentalist

Question 2

The Psychoanalytic approach includes theorists such as _________ and ________. It focuses on the role of moral emotions (_____,____,______)

Answer 2

Freud and Erikson

Shame, guilt, pride

Question 3

Describe Freuds theory:

Answer 3

The superego is developed at the end of the phallic stage at approx. age 5 after the resolution of the edipus complex. If you have a healthy personality you pay attention to the super ego, this is how we learn the rules of society.

Question 4

Freuds theory is that morality is based on the avoidence of two emotions: The ______ experiences the emotion ________ and is what you get if you do something that good pple don’t do. The _________ experiences the emotion _______ and is the feeling that you get if you don’t live up to the list of things you should do.

Answer 4

conscience - guilt

Ego ideal - shame

Question 5

Erikson added the emotion of ______. You feel this when you do something good. Being a moral person is not just about avoiding the bad emotions it is also about feeling the positive emotions

Answer 5

Pride

Question 6

The _______ approach view moral behaviour as the result of operant conditioning experiences (____ and _____)

Answer 6

behaviorist approach

rewards (good) and punishments (bad)

Question 7

T or F: All punishments are effective

Answer 7

False - punishments that are scary, severe or emotional teach the wrong lesson (parents are mean). If the punishment is traumatizing you can’t learn.

Question 8

What makes up an effective punishment?

Answer 8

• speak calmly
• explain what they did that was wrong
• make you do something to repair the language

Question 9

What did Bandura’s social learning theory add to this model?

Answer 9

Vicariouss rewards and punishments can have an effect. If you see a TV character praised you learn that action is praise-worthy and vice versa. We learn by seeing the consequences of others actions

Question 10

Describe the Cognitive approach to moral reasoning:

Answer 10

Moral reasoning is the process of making judgments about rightness or wrongness of a specific acts. The ability to reason depends on cognitive development.

Question 11

What three aspects of cognitive development are important to the ability to use moral reasoning?

Answer 11

1) egocentrism: you can’t feel like part of a community while egocentric
2) Centering: if you can only think one thing at a time you can’t think about moral problems
3) Abstract thought: if you can’t think abstractly you can’t solve moral problems

Question 12

What are two models that use the cognitive approach t moral development?

Answer 12

1) Piaget’s Model of Moral Development (see text)

2) Kohlberg’s Model of Moral Development

Question 13

Describe the development of Kohlberg’s theory of Moral development:

Answer 13

He thought we could learn more about peoples moral reasoning by presenting them with scenarios and judging how they respond. This helped him develop a framework for his theory.

Question 14

What is an example of a moral dilemma Heinz presented?

Answer 14

The Heinz Dilema: Heinz is a man with a sick/dying wife. The pharmacist who invented the drug has all the rights to it and sells it for $2000. The man doesn’t have that money and his wife is dying fast, he offers to pay $1000 and make installments on the rest but the pharmacist refuses. Should the man steal the drug? Should he be punished?

Question 15

Describe the structure of Kohlbergs theory:

Answer 15

Three levels: preconventional, conventional and post -convetnional
- Each level has two stages.

Question 16

In kohlbergs theory each stage shows a more ________ and ________ advanced way of reasoning:

Answer 16

cognitively and morally advanced

Question 17

The morality level in which judgements are based on consequences to self and you are not yet looking towards a reference group or culture to decide right and wrong is called___________

Answer 17

Level 1 Preconventional Morality

Question 18

Preconventional Morality contains two substages:

Answer 18

Stage 1: Punishment and Obedience Orientation

Stage 2: Self-interest Orientation

Question 19

________ is the level in which moral judgements are based on membership in some reference group that is important enough to the person that they’ve internalized its norms.

Answer 19

Level 2: Conventional Morality

Question 20

Conventional Morality contains two substages:

Answer 20

Stage 3: Interpersonal Relationships

Stage 4: Maintaining Social Order

Question 21

________ is the level that includes sophisticated thought about what is right or wrong, there is something larger than the rules of society, you start to analyze laws and norms and make choices on your own principles

Answer 21

Level 3: Post conventional Morality

Question 22

Post-conventional Morality contains two substages:

Answer 22

Stage 5: Individual Rights Orientation

Stage 6: Universal Ethical Principles

Question 23

The idea that things that get us punished are bad, things that don’t are good and older pple must be obeyed is typical of stage:____________

Answer 23

Stage 1: Punishment and Obedience Orientation

Question 24

The morality that things that feel good are good and it is fair and moral to reciprocated both good and bad acts is typical of stage ___________

Answer 24

Stage 2: Self-interest Orientation

Question 25

Someone who thinks that it is fine to hit someone who hit you is likely in

Answer 25

Stage 2: Self-interest Orientation

Question 26

The morality that has concern for other pple with the idea that motivation determines morality and if you have good intentions its fine is typical of stage___________

Answer 26

Stage 3: Interpersonal Relationships

Question 27

The morality that is concerned for society as a whole, if we don’t follow lows society will fall apart and that cultural level obedience determines morality is typical of stage____________

Answer 27

Stage 4: Maintaining Social Order

Question 28

A person whose concern for basic rights leads to questioning of inadequeate conventional rules as well as the idea that the democratic process must be adhered to is likely in___________

Answer 28

Stage 5: Individual Rights Orientation

Question 29

T or F: Kohlberg found evidence for stage 6 in his interviews

Answer 29

False - it is more of a theoretical stage there must be pple who think this way

Question 30

Someone who accepts that the quest for social justice can force you to break both conventional rules and democratic process is likely in stage _____________

Answer 30

Stage 6: Universal Ethical Principles

Question 31

Ghandi and Martin Luther King were probably in which stage?

Answer 31

Stage 6

Question 32

Classify this person’s response to the Heinz dilema:
“Bad to steal b/c he could get punished”
“It might be okay b/c what he is stealing is small”

Answer 32

Stage 1: Punishment and Obedience Orientation

Question 33

Classify this person’s response to the Heinz dilema:
“Don’t generally favour breaking the law but in this case he is right to steal the drug b.c his wife’s right to life is more important than the pharmacists right to money. The laws need to be changed”

Answer 33

Stage 5: Individual Rights Orientation

Question 34

Classify this person’s response to the Heinz dilema:
“It doesn’t matter his motives, he can’t steal the drug, there are laws against that and he can’t just break the law. He should be punished as much as anyone with out a sick wife.”

Answer 34

Stage 4: Maintaining Social Order

Question 35

Classify this person’s response to the Heinz dilema:
“He was right to steal the drug b/c he was trying to save his wife, he couldn’t just watch her die. He shouldn’t be punished b/c his motives were good. The pharmacist is a jerk.”

Answer 35

Stage 3: Interpersonal Relationships

Question 36

Classify this person’s response to the Heinz dilema:
“He was right to steal b/c the pharmacist was ripping him off. He should protect his wife so he doesn’t have to live alone and be lonely”

Answer 36

Stage 2: Self-interest Orientation

Question 37

At what ages are pple in the different developmental stages:

Answer 37

1) preconventional = elementary school
2) conventional = mid teens
3) postconventional = rare

Question 38

T or F: Pple can be inbetween stges and in multiple stages.

Answer 38

True - based on colby, kohlberg et al’s study and Walker et al study (see notes)

Question 39

At age 10 what is the dominant morality reasoning type:

Answer 39

Stage 2: Self-interest Orientation - 60%

Question 40

At age 18 (mid to late teens) what is the dominant morality reasoning type:

Answer 40

Stage 3: Interpersonal Relationships

Question 41

At what age does Stage 4: Maintaining Social Order become dominant?

Answer 41

Early 20’s

Question 42

Do people’s morality scores link to behaviour?

Answer 42

Pretty much

Question 43

Schonert- Reichl looked at pples morality scores compared to the behaviours they typically engaged in and found that ________ typically scored lower and were often stuck in stages ____ and ____

Answer 43

delinquents

1 and 2

Question 44

In Gregg et al’s study delinquents were matched to IQ with non-delinquents, it was found that only ____% of delinquents were conventional or higher, while ____% of matched subjects were conventional or higher

Answer 44

20% delinquents

60% controls

Question 45

T or F: Increased moral reasoning increases the likelihood you will be nicer

Answer 45

True -positive correlation

Question 46

T or F: increased moral reasoning increases the likelihood you will solve problems with violence

Answer 46

False- less likley to use violence -negative correlation

Question 47

In Kohlberg’s cheater’s experiment subjects did and intelligence test without the experimenter in the room and were told to stop when the buzzer went off. Pple who had previously been scored on a morality test were watched for cheating. Results?

Answer 47

• Only 15% of post-conventional cheated
• 55% of conventional cheated
• 70% of preconventional cheated
• it is easy to predict how pre- and post- conventional will behave but not how conventional will behave

Question 48

T or F: Kohlbergs moral reasoning is associated with Piagetian cognitive development

Answer 48

True

Question 49

T or F: Stages have the exact same start and end points across cultures

Answer 49

False - they typically unfold in the same way but without the same start and end points and emphases

Question 50

Other theorists:
Gilligan looked at________
Eisenberg looked at_________

Answer 50

Gilligan looked at the ethics of caring, how to know when children will do a good thing for one another.
Eisenberg looked at the development of prosocial reasoning