Lecture 8 Self Understanding

Question 1

T or F: We are born knowing who we are

Answer 1

False

Question 2

_____ is the understanding of who and what we are. It is a slippery concept whose definition is elusive.

Answer 2

self

Question 3

Self understanding is our ___________, and includes the roles we play, social category, race and religion.

Answer 3

Self concept or schema

Question 4

How do we test self understanding in pre-verbal infants?

Answer 4

Called either the mirror technique, Rouge or Mark test

Question 5

The mirror technique was originally used in _________research.

Answer 5

non-human

Question 6

Describe the Rouge test:

Answer 6

A mark is secretly placed on the childs forehead (this will violate their self image if they have one). Thhe child is placed before the mirror. If the try and do something to remove the paint it shows that they recognize that as themself.

Question 7

The results of the rouge test indicate that children develop a sense of self at _________

Answer 7

18 months

Question 8

At what age do children begin to be disturbed by distorting mirrors in fun houses?

Answer 8

18 months

Question 9

T or F: The rouge test agrees with Piaget

Why?

Answer 9

True - 18 months is when piaget said that mental representations began

Question 10

What are some potential problems with the rouge test?

Answer 10

Could be that exposure to mirrors is important -chimps who had never been exposed to a mirror didn’t react.

Question 11

Early childhood is described as ages___

Answer 11

6-7years

Question 12

What are the 5 characteristics of self understanding in early childhood?

Answer 12

1) activities oriented
2) concrete
3) physical and material
4) centered
5) unrealistically positive

Question 13

How are children in early childhood tested for self understanding?

Answer 13

through interviews

Question 14

A child who describes themselves as knowing there ABCs is displaying the ______ characteristic of early childhood understanding.

Answer 14

concrete

Question 15

T or F: Children in early childhood spontaneously make comparaisons

Answer 15

False - They are probably too egocentric to do this although they can do so if prompted

Question 16

What types of comparisons do children in early childhood make?

Answer 16

Comparisons based on what they have or do

Question 17

The characteristic of a 6 or 7 year old to describe the things they do and like to do is described as _____________.

Answer 17

Activities oriented- this is the central component of self understanding in young kids

Question 18

Describe the difference between the actual vs the ideal self:

Answer 18

The actual self is how you currently are, the ideal self is how you would like to be.

Question 19

A child who say that she can read while describing herself but who really can’t is showing the characteristic of __________ she is probably describing her _________ and is likely between the ages of ______

Answer 19

unrealistic positivist
ideal self
6-7

Question 20

The 5 characteristics of self understanding in early childhood are in line with which of Piaget’s stages?

Answer 20

Preoperational stage

Question 21

Describe the 4 traits of self understanding in Middle to Late childhood:

Answer 21

1) Shift to internal characteristics
2) Decentered
3) Spontaneous use of social references
4) More realistic

Question 22

Describe how mid to late childhood kids are more realistice:

Answer 22

• They understand the difference between their actual vs ideal self
• Social comparison - they evaluate themselves against others

Question 23

Describe accomplishments of self understanding in adolescence ?

Answer 23

1) increasingly abstract self descriptions
2) highly self-conscious (preoccupied with self)
3) increased ability to distinguish b/w ideal and actual self with the addition of possible selves
4) fluctuations in self understanding -inconsistencies
5) eventual integration into whole concept of self

Question 24

Self understanding in adolescence consistent with which of Piaget’s stages:

Answer 24

Formal operations

Question 25

Piaget's concrete operational stage is consistent with which ages characteristics of self understanding?

Answer 25

Mid to late childhood: - Shift to internal characteristics - Decentered - Spontaneous use of social references - More realistic

Question 26

Someone who describes themself as someone who could become a doctor if they study hard and get into the right schools is describing their ______ self and is likely in __________

Answer 26

possible | adolescence

Question 27

If when asked to describe themself they say "I am in girl scouts and I have two friends" the stage of self understanding they are most likely to be in is ________ and they are showing most dominantly the trait of _______

Answer 27

early to late childhood | spontaneous social referencing

Question 28

Someone who describes them self as: "I like to bike, own an ant farm and am nice" Is likely in __________ and is showing which 3 characteristics __________

Answer 28

early childhood activities oriented - like to bike physical material - own an ant farm centered - only nice doesn't recognize he can be other things

Question 29

Someone who describes them self as: "I am reading level 3 but want to be reading level 5, I'm better at reading than Sally" Is _______showing a distinction b/w ____________ as well as ________and is likely in __________

Answer 29

more realistic the actual (reading lvl 3) and ideal self (reading level 5) social comparison (better than Sally) Mid to late childhood

Question 30

Someone who describes them self as: "I don't really know who I am, I think about it lots. I'm different with different people. I'm naturally funny but sometimes I forget and hurt people's feelings" Is likely in __________ and is showing which 2 characteristics __________

Answer 30

adolescence highly self conscious -preoccupied with self understand - (I don't really know/ think about it lots) increasingly abstract self-descriptions

Question 31

Someone who describes them self as: "Sometimes I think I know who I am and then I don't. I'm changing all the time" Is likely in __________ and is showing which 3 characteristics __________

Answer 31

Adolescence fluctuations in self understanding highly self conscious

Question 32

What is involved in the eventual integration of a a whole concept of self?

Answer 32

- general theory that survived inconsistencies | - formation of identity

Question 33

Development of self understanding progresses as _________ progresses. We are not born knowing who we are we learn through ______

Answer 33

cognitive development | experience

Question 34

The development of self understanding _________ understanding of others

Answer 34

parallels

Question 35

T or F: Children can use the emotion of others to make decisions, they can recognize emotion and tone of voice.

Answer 35

True

Question 36

Define Social cognitive development?

Answer 36

The development of understanding of others , the nuances of social interactions and relationships

Question 37

What are 4 important abilites of social cognitive development?

Answer 37

1) describing others 2) reading others feelings 3) understanding social rules 4) understanding others' intentions

Question 38

The developmental course of both _________ and _______ development is from concrete to abstract, definite to qualified and egocentric to general.

Answer 38

cognitive and social development

Question 39

What are three basic differences between pple and objects?

Answer 39

1) interactivity 2) intentionality 3) social scripts

Question 40

If you drop an object on the floor it won't say ouch. This is an example of __________

Answer 40

interctivity

Question 41

If an object falls and hits you, versus a person hitting you you can't be mad b/c objects don't have _________ pple do even if their intentions are hidden

Answer 41

intentionality

Question 42

Define social scripts:

Answer 42

the script that tells us how to behave when we are put into a social situation

Question 43

Up to the ages of 6 or 8 descriptions of others focus on ________

Answer 43

external features

Question 44

Beginning at ages 7 or 8 descriptions of others focus on ________

Answer 44

internal features

Question 45

Beginning in the teen years descriptions of others focus on ________

Answer 45

Qualifiers and inferences

Question 46

Describe external features (upto age 6 or 8):

Answer 46

-gender, what they like to do, how they acted during the last interaction (no conservation of personality)

Question 47

Describe Internal features (age 7 or 8):

Answer 47

Traits are stable and can conserve personality. The person is the sum of all interactions

Question 48

Describe Qualifiers and inferences (adolescence):

Answer 48

See things in shades of grey. Good and bad.

Question 49

Describe Barnboims experiment testing the three step model of describing others:

Answer 49

Working off of the hypothesis had US children describe three pple and had blind research assistance code the hypothesis looking for the three steps: 1) external features 2) internal features 3) Qualifiers and inferences

Question 50

What were Barnboims findings? - ___________descriptions peak at age 8 with ____% of statements of that type and stop around age 12 - Trait descriptions rapidly increase from age 8 to 14. At age 14 they peak with ___% of statements that type, They then begin to decrease but are still ___________ - qualifier use begins at age _____ and continues to increase with 30% of statements qualifiers at age 16

Answer 50

Behavioural descriptions - 10% 60% - the most widely used age 10

Question 51

_____________ is critical to the development of positive social relationships. Humans are social animals and these relationships are part of being human.

Answer 51

understanding others emotions

Question 52

How do we deduce others emotions?

Answer 52

Theory of mind Body and facial signals Understanding social context

Question 53

__________ allows for searching for info on others states.

Answer 53

Theory of mind

Question 54

There is evidence for theory of mind at age ______

Answer 54

3 or 4

Question 55

kids pick up on body and facial signals as early as ___ as seen in the ______________experiment

Answer 55

2 years old | visual cliff social referencing experiment

Question 56

T or F: Understanding others emotions follows a gradual developmental course

Answer 56

True - it continues to develop with age either continuously or in stages depending on researcher

Question 57

The experience of picking up on and matching another's emotional state is known as ________. It is generally felt for negative emotions.

Answer 57

empathy

Question 58

________ is picking up on but not matching another's emotional state.

Answer 58

sympathy

Question 59

T or F: Empathy is more complex than sympathy

Answer 59

False - sympathy is likely more complex

Question 60

What are the stages of Hoffman's four-stage model of empathy development?

Answer 60

1) Global empathy 2) egocentric empathy 3) empathy for anothers current situation 4) Empathy for anothers general condition

Question 61

Global empathy occurs from ages _____

Answer 61

0-12 months

Question 62

Egocentric empathy occurs from ages _____

Answer 62

12 to 24 months

Question 63

Empathy for another's current situation occurs from ages _____

Answer 63

2 to 3 years

Question 64

Empathy for another's general situation occurs from ages _____

Answer 64

teens

Question 65

The stage that occurs between 0-12 months is _______ and consists of ________ another's emotional state. Ex. crying when someone else cries.

Answer 65

global empathy | matching

Question 66

The stage that occurs between 12-24 months is _______ and consists ofpartly matching anothers emotions and trying to solve distress ego ecentrically. Ex. ______________

Answer 66

egocentric empathy giving someone your teddy or getting your mom for someone (stuff that would comfort you but probably not the person who is upset)

Question 67

The stage that occurs between 2 -3 years is _______ it is a ____________ stage and consists of ________ responses to another's emotional state/ distress.

Answer 67

empathy for another's current situation less egocentric more thoughtful/ helpful

Question 68

The stage that occurs in teens is _______ and involves ________ rather than empathy, this stage consists of recognizing that ___________ and ___________ are required for different degrees of bad things.

Answer 68

empathy for another's general condition sympathy different degrees of sympathy and responses

Question 69

Individual differences in emotional response occur due to _______ and ________

Answer 69

nature and nurture

Question 70

Individual differences in emotional response occur due to nature are seen in psychopathic studies showing______________

Answer 70

that there is a biological component in the chronic underarousal of their cortex

Question 71

Individual differences in emotional response occur due to nurture are seen children with warm moms tend to have ________ than children with colder parents. Children whose parents _____________ are also more empathetic.

Answer 71

more empathy | explain consequences

Question 72

There are two types of rules, "no running inside the school" is an example of a __________rule while "respect pples rights/ no hitting" is an example of a ________rule.

Answer 72

conventional | moral

Question 73

Kids typically understand the difference between conventional and moral rules by ages ____

Answer 73

7 or 8

Question 74

T or F: Young kids understand the role of intent for their own and -sort of- for others behaviour

Answer 74

True

Question 75

How do we know young kids understand the role of intent for their own behaviour?

Answer 75

They will say they didn't mean to break something

Question 76

Describe the experiment showing that young kids sort of understand the role of intent for others behaviour:

Answer 76

1,2 and 5 year olds listened to a story about Sam who engaged in a moreal transgression either by accident or on purpose and rated him on a seven point scale (7 =good)

Question 77

What were the results of the experiment showing that young kids sort of understand the role of intent for others behaviour:

Answer 77

Kids rated Sam from goodest to baddest: no harm-no intent condition ----- harm-no intent,----no harm -intent -------- harm intent * The fact that there are significant differences between the harm and no harm conditions despite intentions shows that kids don't completely understand intent*

Question 78

In the Sam story experiment: The fact that there are significant differences between the harm and no harm conditions despite intentions shows that kids don't completely understand intent. Why might this be the case?

Answer 78

Lack of abstract thought

Question 79

Children's understanding of self and others is _______ and depends on __________ including concreteness vs abstractness and theory of mind

Answer 79

intertwined | concreteness vs abstractness