Lecture 7 Intelligence

Question 1

Define Intelligence:

Answer 1

The ability to reason, plan, think abstract. Not book learning but broader capacity to comprehend our surroundings and adapt to the world around you.

Question 2

What is intelligence:

Answer 2

• Fluid

- Crystallized

Question 3

Describe Crystallized intelligence:

Answer 3

Knowledge you pick up over time. Store of knowledge about the nature of the world, vocab and math.

Question 4

Describe Fluid intelligence:

Answer 4

The ability to solve novel problems that depend relatively little on stored knowledge but on the ability to learn. More working memory.

Question 5

Why did Binet develop an intelligence test?

Answer 5

For the identification of children who will need academic support. The test tests thing that hadn’t been learned in school.

Question 6

When was Binet’s test developed:

Answer 6

1905

Question 7

Describe Binet’s Test:

Answer 7

Series of increasingly difficult tasks related to everyday problems as well as basic reasoning (classification, understanding and relationships)

Question 8

Define Mental age:

Answer 8

Different problems became associated with the age most kids can solve them. This is known as the mental age.

Question 9

How is mental age tested:

Answer 9

Kids go through problems until they can no longer solve them, this mental age is then compared to the chronological age of the children. If mental age is lower than the chronological age this indicates the child isn’t developing properly

Question 10

What is the intelligence quotient:

Answer 10

We divide the mental age by the chronological age to get a quotient where the average is 100.

Question 11

What was Binet’s warning?

Answer 11

Very useful test but realized it wasn’t going to be used the way it was supposed to be and warned against this. It was still used to “prove” white superiority and to test pple wanting to move to US (in english if they don’t know the language).

Question 12

What are three modern day intelligence tests?

Answer 12

1) Stanford Binet Test
2) WPPSI
3) WISC

Question 13

Intelligence tests contain _________ and _________ components

Answer 13

verbal and non-verbal

Question 14

Describe the WISC:

Answer 14

Contains 15 subtests.

• 5 verbal: verbal comprehension index
• 10 non-verbal:
  
  • working memory index
  • Processing speed index
  • Perceptual reasoning index

Question 15

What are picture completion tasks?

Answer 15

Finding what is missing in the picture

Question 16

Describe the distribution of IQ scores:

Answer 16

IQ scores are normed and forced into a standard deviation with a mean of 100. One SD is 15 pts.

Question 17

Are IQs reliable:

Answer 17

Scores stabilize over time. Stability increases with increasing age but kids show fluctuations.r’s = 0.65 to 0.85

Question 18

IQ at ____can usually predict IQ as an ____

Answer 18

10

adult

Question 19

Describe the New Zealand Longitudinal Study:

Answer 19

Followed kids through their life. Some kids showed IQ fluctuations. 10% had an SD shift. SD shifts were generally due to major life events ex. divorce decrease in IQ or Grandma moving in and extra help increase in IQ

Question 20

Are IQ tests valid?

Answer 20

Yes fairly

Question 21

IQ predicts:

Answer 21

1) current and future academic performance -GPA, SAT and GRE
2) Number of years in school
3) Job attainment and performance

Question 22

Low IQ is associated with:

Answer 22

1) adult illiteracy
2) delinquency
3) crime

Question 23

Is intelligence heritable?

Answer 23

Yes.

Question 24

The overall concordance rate in twins is ___, intelligence concordance rate is ____

Answer 24

0. 3

0. 5 -0.7

Question 25

_________ are replicating findings in family and twin studies by comparing genomes.

Answer 25

Molecular genetic studies

Question 26

Why is there a political/ economical debate in the US?

Answer 26

If intelligence is heritable than social programs are not needed. If IQ depends on experience than social programs must be instituted.

Question 27

Describe Data supporting heritability of intelligence:

Answer 27

1) Pattern of increased concordance rates for closer related 2) Higher concordance rate b/w biological parents and child than child and adoptive parents (adoptive parents do have a difference)

Question 28

Why does the effect of genes increase with age?

Answer 28

Our genes not only code for intelligence but also the things associated with intelligence. Transactional model.

Question 29

Describe the transactional model:

Answer 29

children select and evoke environments that stimulate their intellectual development. This increases with age b/c with age you have more autonomy about what you do. This results in you reaching your potential.

Question 30

Between birth to age 2 family environment accounts for ____ of intelligence differences. Genes account for ____ of variance at this age.

Answer 30

60 -70% | 20 - 30 %

Question 31

By age 15 Family environments impact drops to ____ while genes explain _____ of the variance

Answer 31

zero | 60 -70 %

Question 32

Cooper and Zubek found that Maze Bright and Maze Dull rats:

Answer 32

Enriched environment was esp. good for maze dull rats. This shows that environment does have and impact and can change the phenotypic expression of genotype.

Question 33

In families lower than middle class ______ contributes to intelligence more than genes. _______ suppresses ______

Answer 33

Family environment aka SES Poverty genotype (don't reach potential)

Question 34

Why does low SES suppress intelligence?

Answer 34

Children of higher SES are more able to engage in activites that support their learning compared to low SES.

Question 35

Describe the concept of the reaction range?

Answer 35

Your genes code for your intellligence to lie anywhere within a range. Your environment decides where within that range you lie.

Question 36

If you are in rich environment aka ________ you will be at the ______ of your reaction range

Answer 36

Mid or High SES | Top

Question 37

True or False: Getting kids out of impoverished environments helps them intellectually

Answer 37

True

Question 38

In an experiment by Ziegler and Seitz originally only ___ of low SES kids scored higher than the mean of the reference population but after implementing interventions ____ scored higher than the mean of the reference population

Answer 38

16% | 31%

Question 39

In the US poor children IQ is ____ pts lower than mid and upper class children

Answer 39

10 to 15

Question 40

What are 8 cumulative risk factors?

Answer 40

1) Maternal mental health 2) Maternal anxiety 3) Maternal education 4) Father absent 5) Head of household occupation 6) 5+ children 7) Life events in family 8) Minority groups

Question 41

Risk factors are associated with both _____ and ______. The more risk factors a child has (including high SES kids) the more the risk factors ________.

Answer 41

poverty and IQ | snowball

Question 42

What are other mechanisms that influence IQ:

Answer 42

1) Mom's response to vocalization 2) Talking with kids 3) Reading with kids 4) Interest in academic achievement 5) Emotional Responsiveness 6) Control

Question 43

In lower SES familes moms are _______ to vocalize back. In mid and high SES families moms will vocalize back and the baby will ________. Amount of responsiveness by moms before _____ predicts IQ at ______

Answer 43

less likely stop vocalizing and listen age 2 age 4

Question 44

Moms with ________ tend to talk to kids at a higher level than the kids could achieve on their own. Middle and upper class moms spend _________ and say more ______.

Answer 44

Higher education more time talking to kids divers words

Question 45

Interest in academic achievement increases with ______

Answer 45

SES

Question 46

Emotional responsivement increases with ______

Answer 46

education

Question 47

Increased _______ and ______ moms are more likely to let children explore and be less punitive. They are more supportive of interests and don't constrain children.

Answer 47

education and SES

Question 48

Being read to predicts ____________ later in life. Moms with increased education are more likely to_________.

Answer 48

intellectual performance | read to children

Question 49

In the US ____ is confounded with poverty. Minority races especially _______ are more likely to be impoverished.

Answer 49

race | blacks

Question 50

Ashkenazi (european) Jews have an IQ _____ above that of White Americans.

Answer 50

1 SD

Question 51

Asians have an IQ ______ above white Americans

Answer 51

6 pts

Question 52

Blacks have an IQ ______ below that of white Americans

Answer 52

8 to 10 pts

Question 53

Define Stereotype threat:

Answer 53

The sense of fear a person has that they will fulfil a negative stereotype about their group.

Question 54

Stereotype threat can raise ______ and raise arousal to the point that it ______ performance.

Answer 54

anxiety | impairs

Question 55

How does stereotype threat affect Japan untouchables?

Answer 55

Expected to perform badly in Japan and did (self fulfilling prophecy). In Canada they aren't expected to do bad so they don't.

Question 56

When Black and whites at Stanford were given the same test introduced as either a game or an intelligence test. When it was a introduced as a game ________________. When it was introduced as an intelligence test ______________. This is likely due to _____________.

Answer 56

both black and whites did equally well Whites did much better than blacks Stereotype threat

Question 57

Black and white differences in intellectual attainment ______ when ___________. (at least at Stanford university)

Answer 57

disappear | stereotype threat is removed

Question 58

A genetic difference is ________ as the main cause for this race difference in intellect. This effect is probably due to ________.

Answer 58

unlikely | nurture

Question 59

Evidence for genetic and environment effects on intelligence:

Answer 59

- family and adoption studies - Transactional model - Reaction Range

Question 60

Data on group differences can alter expression of genotypes:

Answer 60

- SES, cumulative risk factors and parenting | - Race and stereotype threat