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HUNT241 > Lecture 9- Lipid Transport > Flashcards

Lecture 9- Lipid Transport Flashcards

1
Q

why do fats need to be packaged and kept soluble

A

so they can be transported in the blood

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2
Q

what is the role of O-acyltransferase enzymes

A

transferring an acyl (fatty) acid group

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3
Q

what form is cholesterol most commonly found in

A

most commonly found in the form of cholesterol ester which is when there is a fatty acid attached

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4
Q

what will inhibit the cholesterol synthesis pathway

A

if there is a lot of cholesterol coming from the diet

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5
Q

what enzyme is inhibited to inhibit the cholesterol synthesis pathway

A

HMG CoA reductase

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6
Q

what does HMG CoA reductase do and why is this important

A

converts HMG CoA to mevalonate = rate limiting step of cholesterol synthesis pathway

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7
Q

where is cholesterol found

A

in the plasma membrane

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8
Q

what does cholesterol control in the plasma membrane

A

the fluidity of the membrane

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9
Q

what is the dietary source for cholesterol

A

animal products

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10
Q

what is cholesterol the precursor for

A

steroid hormones, bile acids and vitamin D

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11
Q

what is cholesterol a major constituent of

A

lipoproteins

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12
Q

what is cholesterol important for the transport of

A

fat soluble vitamins

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13
Q

how is cholesterol important for neuronal function

A

its a part of the myelin sheath

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14
Q

what is in the middle of the plasma lipoprotein structure

what is on the outside

A

esterfied cholesterol and triglyceride

Phospholipids and Unesterfied cholesterol

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15
Q

what are the 4 main classes of lipoproteins

A

chylomicrons
very low density lipoprotein
low density lipoprotein
high density lipoprotein

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16
Q

what is a characteristic of chylomicrons and VLDL

A

triglyceride rich

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17
Q

what is a characteristic of very LDL and HDL

A

Cholesterol rich

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18
Q

what is a characteristic of high density lipoprotein

A

densest because of the high protein content

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19
Q

what do ApoB48 (chylomicrons) and ApoB100 (VLDL) and MTP play a crucial role in

A

lipoprotein assembly

20
Q

in the endoplasmic reticulum what is added to ApoB by MTP as it is being made and what does this form

A

lipids are added to ApoB and this forms a small lipopotein

21
Q

when a small lipoprotein particle is formed from lipids being added to ApoB, what does MTP add to make the particle bigger

A

triglycerides

22
Q

what occurs in the golgi before ApoB is secreted

A

glycosylation

23
Q

lipids combine with what via MTP in the ER to form chylomicrons

A

ApoB

24
Q

where are chylomicrons secreted from and what do they enter

A

from intestinal cells entering the bloodstream and lymphatic system

25
Q

what gives plasma a milky appearance after a fat rich meal and what is this due to

A

chylomicrons can give plasma a milky appearance due to high triacylglycerol content

26
Q

chylomicrons and VLDL are metabolised similarly by what

A

by lipoprotein lipase

27
Q

what does lipoprotein lipase do and where does this occur

A

hydrolyses the fatty acids, this occurs at the surface of tissues

28
Q

what does hepatic lipase (HTGL) do

A

generates LDL

29
Q

what dies LRP bind to

A

apoE

30
Q

what does LDLR bind to

A

apoB

31
Q

what receptor family are LRP and LDLR members of

A

LDL receptor family

32
Q

what do LRP and LDLR do

A

take up remnant IDl and LDL particles

33
Q

what is the function of lipoproteins

A

solubilise lipids for transport in blood to tissues

34
Q

what apoprotein is important for assembly

A

apoB

35
Q

what apoproteins are important for ligand cell surface receptors

A

apoB and apoE

36
Q

what apoprotein is important for enzyme cofactors

A

apoCII (for lipoprotein lipase)

37
Q

what are factors that affect lipids levels

A

diet = saturated vs unsaturated fats
drugs = fibrates and statins
genetics = defects in lipid metabolism
disease = diabetes

38
Q

diets rich in what are LDL cholesterol lowering

A

diets rich in plant sterols

39
Q

what are mediterranean diets found to reduce

A

cardiac mortality

40
Q

eating high amounts of saturated fats can do what

A

cause LDL levels to increase

41
Q

what do statins do to LDL cholesterol

A

lower intracellular levels

so the body makes more receptors

meaning there is more LDL uptake

42
Q

what does ezetimibe do to LDL cholesterol

A

less cholesterol coming into the body as decreased intestinal uptake, so more LDL receptors

43
Q

fibrates and PUFAs both activate a what and what does this bind to and what does this switch on (example)

A

transcription factor, binds to response element and switching on many genes

one of these is lipoprotein lipase which hydrolyses VLDL and chylomicrons

44
Q

what would a defect in LPL or apoC-II cause

A

elevated triglyceride levels

45
Q

what would a defect in apoB or MTP cause

A

low blood cholesterol levels

HUNT241 (19 decks)

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