Calcium and Vitamin D Flashcards
in 1920’s what was the cure that was found for rickets
UV light and cod liver oil
what is the main source of vitamin D
the sun
other sources of vitamin D
cod liver oil
sardines
smoked salmon
eel
fortified soy milk
Is NZ dairy fortified with vitamin D
very rarely
how does sunlight provide our bodies with vitamin D
UVB light comes through the skin goes through a non enzymatic reaction, causes 7-dehydrocholesterol to form vitamin D3
(action of the sun on the skin does this)
what is shortest wave length of sunlight
UVC
what sunlight wavelength has the largest affect on the top layer of the skin and what does it cause
UVB - causes burning / redness / skin cancer
why is UBV both problematic and useful
has the most use to us but also causes burning / skin cancer
what is the longest wavelength of sunlight
UVA = reaches deep into the layers of skin causing aging and wrinkling
what are the behavioural factors that affect vitamin D status
clothing (blocks UVB)
sunscreen
time of the day
time spent outdoors
supplements
diet (smaller effect as few foods contain vitamin D)
what are host related factors that affect vitamin D status
skin colour (melanin)
-gives the skin, eyes and hair dark colour is the natural protection against the harmful effects of UV light
age- as you get older, your skin is going to have less of the 7-dehydrocholesterol in it, that means lower ability to form vitamin D
sex-in high income countries, men tend to have higher levels than women
BMI- people who are overweight or obese have less circulation vitamin D as it is a fat soluble vitamin (it gets sequested into adipose tissue)
genetic differences in vitamin D binding protein and receptors
what are the environmental factors that affect vitamin D status
season
latitude
altitude
clouds
atmospheric pollution
what are the two major forms of vitamin D
D2 and D3
where do you get vitamin D3
from animals
what type of vitamin D does the skin make when exposed to UV light
D3
what is the longer name for vitamin D3
cholecalciferol
how is vitamin D3 formed
beta ring on 7-dehydrocholesterol is broken by UVB light, this forms pre vitamin D3, then heat converts that to vitamin D3
what does vitamin D2 start out as and how is it converted to D2
starts out as ergosterol, B ring is broken down by UVB light, pre vitamin D2 is produced, then heat turns it to vitamin D2
what is the longer name for vitamin D2
ergocalciferol
what is the difference between vitamin D3 and D2 in terms of binding affinity and what does this mean
vitamin D2 has lower affinity for the vitamin D binding protein, so therefore cleared faster from the circulation
which is more effective, D2 or D3
D3
vitamin D is a fat soluble vitamin, so therefore what is needed for it to be absorbed
requires fat so it can be absorbed
what are mixed micelles and why is this important
vitamin D is soluble in the hydrophobic core of micelle, phospholipids and bile acids surround it
what do bile acids on the outside of a micelle do
make the micelle soluble in the hydrophilic gut lumen
once absorbed in the upper small intestine, where is vitamin D transported to
transported from the small intestine to the liver by vitamin D binding globulin