******Lecture 9 - Group productivity Flashcards
Who came up with Social facilitation? And how?
Allport - wanted to see if it was just the mere presence of others, not competition, that imprvove performance. Found that cockroaches run faster when in groups
Who came up with the drive theory of social facilitation?
Zajonc (19650
Define the Drive theory of social facilitation?
- presence of others could go either way
- The presence of others automatically produces arousal, which ’drives’ dominant responses
- Performance is improved by a ‘correct’ dominant response, but is impaired by an ‘incorrect dominant response’
Who did the study where p’s had to dress in their own/ unfamiliar clothes?
Markuus (1978)
Outline Markus (1978)
P’s dressed in their own clothes (easy task) or
unfamiliar clothes (difficult task)
They dressed either:
1) Alone
3) With an incidental audience
3) With an attentive audience
Evaluation apprehension (trying to put acrros the best image of ourself) occurred in the easy task: only the attentive audience reduced the time taken to dress
In the difficult task, there was a drive effect, both incidental and attentive audiences increased the time taken to dress
Who did the tug of war study?
Ringelmann (2013) - can group size affect performance
outline Ringelmann’s (2013) tug of war study
- As number of people on your tug of war team increased (from 1 – 8) the individuals exertion was reduced
- When pulling in a group of 8, the exertion was half of when alone
- Due to coordination loss and motivation loss (I can slack off, no one will know)
Who repeated the tug of war study, this time with real and Psuedo groups?
Ingham, Levinger, Graves and peckham (1974)
Describe Ingham, Levinger, Graves and peckham (1974)
Also did the rope pulling study
P’s were either in a group with all confederates (pseud-groups or a real group
As group size increased, each person decreased
In psuduo-groups, this was due to motivation loss, reduced effort
In real groups, this was due to coordination loss as well as motivation loss
Who did the clapping, shouting, cheering study looking at social loafing.
Latane, Williams and Harkins (1979)
OUtline Latane, Williams and Harkins (1979)
P’s were instructed to engage in Shouting, cheering, clapping
Either:
- Alone, or in groups of 2,4 or 6
Also either in Pseudo or real groups
As group size increased, people made less noise
In pseudo-groups, it was due to loss of motivation, in real groups it was motivation and coordination loss
what are the 3 reasons according to Green (1991) that people loaf?
- Output equity (People expect others are slacking/ loafing, so I can too)
- Evaluation apprehension – people think they’re anonymous
- Matching to standard – we match behaviour to the perceived standard of the group
Who did that unattractive task vs attractive task?
Zaccaro (1984)
Describe the study by Zaccaro (1984)
- P’s either did an unattractive task (paper folding) or an attractive task
- Task needs to be attractive and meaningful to the person – including if it becomes a competition
- People tried to compensate (social compensation) for the lack of effort of others, by perfoming more. We work harder to achieve group goals if others arent
What are the 5 ways we make a decision in groups?
1) Unanimity (where everyone has to agree)
2) Majority Wins
3) Truth wins
4) 2/3s majority
5) First shift (decision based on first shift of an individual)
