******Lecture 8 - leadership Flashcards
What did Thomas Carlyle (1840s) argue about great person theory/
That history is just a tale of great men, not women.
What did Galton (1869) do in terms of trait theory?
Hereditary Genius
- leaders are born, not made
- They carry innate characteristics which define their behaviour
What is trait theory>
Describing leaders with traits, constellation of traits
What are the 5 key traits in leadership?
1) Extraversion
2) Conscientiousness
3) openness to experience (intelligence)
4) Agreeableness
5) Low neuroticism
What are the 2 ways that traits and situation can interact in terms of leadership?
1) leaders accomodate to circumstances
- accomodate to political climate and current needs of people
- e.g. mandela
2) Leadership can reflect task or situational demands
- certain traits that help a leader in one situation arent as useful later on
- E.g. churchill during wartime
Who investigated leadership style and productivity?
Lippit and White (1943)
Outline the procedure of Lippit and White (1943)
- P’s were in an afterschool club and had teachers acting in charge
- either:
- an autocratic leader (didnt consult group, gave orders)
- a democratic leader (consulted group and made group decisions)
- a laissez faire ledaer (Group left to own devices, task orientated)
What are the findings of Lippit and White (1943) for autocratic leaders?
- Liked less
- Group atmos = agresive, self-oreintated, dependent
- Productivity: low when leader absent, high when present
What are the findings of Lippit and White (1943) for democratic leaders?
- Liked more
- Atmos: Friendly, group-centred, task-orientated
- High regardless of presence/ absence
What are the findings of Lippit and White (1943) for Laissez-faire leaders?
- Liked less
- Atmos: friendly, group centred and play orientated
- Productivity - low especially when leader absent
What were the two leadership roles set out by Bales (1950)
1) Task-specialist
2) socio-emotional specialist
OUtline the Task specialist leader
- Focused on getting stuff done
- Gives orders
- More likely to be dominant leader
Outline the socio-economic specialist leader
- Emotions of group members
- People and their needs
- How people feel about doing something
What did the Ohio State Leadership Studies involve
- p’s had to complete questinonaires about their leaders/ bosses - the leadership Behaviour description questionnaire
- Found two patterns of leadership similar to Boles:
What was the findings of the Ohio state leadership Study?
- Found two patterns of leadership similar to Boles:
1) Initiating structure - task orientated
2) Consideration - relationship orientated
Found that an effective leader was high on both dimensions (unlike Boles)
What leadership styles did Fiedler (1964) conclude?
1) Task-orientated leaders – authoritatrian, value group success, task-accomplishment
2) Relationship orientated leaders – non-directive, relaxed, approachable, harmonious group relations
What scale did Fiedler (1964) devise? and What does it involve?
the Least prefered Coworker (LPC) scale, where you had to describe your least prefered coworker. IF you scored above 75+ you were a relationship orientated leader, 64-72 = a mixture of both and 64- is task orientated
What does Transactional leadership argue?
- Leadership = a process of exchane (alternative to Fiedler)
- Focus on exchange that occurs between leaders and followers
- Without credit, leadership is unsustainable
Who described Idiosyncracry credit? and describe it
Hollander, 1958
- followers reward leaders for achieving group goals by allowing them to be relatively idiosyncratic/ independent
- Once credit has been established, people trust leaders
What is the opposite of transactional leadership?
Transformational leadership
What does transformational leadership describe?
- Argues leadership is a proccess that changes and transforms individuals
-Transformational leadrship works through:
1) Individualised consideration – focus on abilities and aspirations of the people, not you
2) Intellectual stimulation – challenging basic thinking, stereotypes etc. (new visions, challenging prejudice/ inequality. Propose to change society)
3) Charismatic/ inspiring leadership – energy and sense of direction (walk the walk as well, communicating with followers)
(need all 3)
Define charisma
Emotional expression, enthusiasm, drive, eloquence, vision, self-confidence, responsiveness to others
How does charisma create persuasion?
- Framing – defining the vision
2. Rhetoric (words and metaphors) – makes you seem better/ worse of a leader
Outline Hains, Hogg and Duck (1997)
– p’s either were in low saliance condition (no similarities/ indentification between them) or high saliance (told to think of themselves as a group and get to know each other)
- In salient groups, prototypical leaders (seen as similar to the group) are more effective than less prototypical leaders
According to Hains, Hogg and Duck (1997), what is a prototypical leader?
- embody the groups attributes
- more likely to be liked and popular
- prototypical leaders identify strongly with the group
- members tend to attribute the behaviour of prototypical leaders to personal disposition
Why does being a prototypical leader lead to effective leadership?
- Being ‘one of us’
- doing it for us – group champions
- Crafting a sense of us – entrepuners of identity – they forge an identity for the group and a vision
- Making us matter – embedders of idneity (by identifying with leader, makes us feel like we matter)
