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BIOL 122 > Lecture 9 Bones > Flashcards

Lecture 9 Bones Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 6 joint tissues

A
  1. Ligament
  2. Tendon
  3. Hyaline cartilage
  4. Fibrocartilage
  5. Bone
  6. Synovium
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2
Q

What are the major mechanical functions of the joint tissues? (6)

A
  1. Ligament - resist tension
  2. Tendons - resist tension
  3. Hyaline cartilage - resist compression (resist tension- too much tension it will tear)
  4. Fibrocartilage - resist compression resist tension
  5. Bone - resist compression (resist tension)
  6. Synovium - lubrication
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3
Q

What are the compositions of the 6 joint tissues ?

A
  1. Ligament - Collagen I
  2. Tendon - Collagen I
  3. Hyaline cartilage - Collagen II - proteoglycan & water
  4. Fibrocartilage - Collagen I & Collagen II - proteoglycan & water
  5. Bone - Collagen I, mineral (hydroxyapatite)
  6. Synovium -mainly cellular
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4
Q

What is ossification?

A

Process of making bone

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5
Q

What is endochondral ossification?

A

Bone formed from cartilage
(Process most bones develop from)

  1. Start out with Fetal skeleton which is (hyaline) cartilage
  2. Blood vessels invade the cartilage
  3. Cartilage skeleton ossifies to become bone (some bones take 25 to fully complete this)
    (some bone takes 2
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6
Q

What is Intramembranous Ossification?

A

Inside a membrane
1. Starts of as Mesenchyme and goes directly into bone (no cartilage seen)
2. Cells proliferate and condense
3. Flat bones usually form in this way e.g. bones in skull

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7
Q

Structure of bones (2)

A

Long bones composed of
Cylindrical shaft (diaphysis) connected to the expanded ends of the bone (epiphyses)

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8
Q

What are the 4 categories of bone? (5)

A
  1. Long
  2. Short
  3. Flat
  4. Irregular
    Also sesamoid (patella/knee cap- not born with them - babies develop them once begin to walk)
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9
Q

Structure of bones shell/ what surrounds medullary or marrow cavity?

A
  • A shell of compact bone surrounds the medullary or marrow cavity,
  • which is the site of production of blood cells in immature animals (red marrow)
  • but red marrow becomes progressively replaced by inactive yellow marrow, mainly composed of adipose tissue
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10
Q

3 Mechanical functions of bone

A
  1. Support for other organs
  2. Protection
  3. A system of levers
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11
Q

4 Metabolic functions of Bone

A
  1. A store for minerals: especially calcium & metals
  2. Hemopoiesis & Haematopoiesis - red marrow produce cells
  3. Identified as an endocrine organ - produces hormones or signalling molecules that have actions in other tissues
  4. Helps to detoxify body by holding metals
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12
Q

4 main cell types of bone

A
  1. Osteoblasts (Ob)
    - building of bone
  2. Osteocytes (Oc)
    - maintaining - tell you whether need to make bone or get rid of it
  3. Lining cells (Lc)
    - maintaining inside & outside surface of bone
  4. Osteoclasts (Ocl)
    - removal of bone
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13
Q

Osteoblasts key facts (4)

A
  1. Principal function is bone formation
  2. Synthesising bone matrix (collagen I) & priming it for subsequent mineralisation
  3. Plump cuboidal cells with abundant organelles for synthesis & secretion of protein
  4. They form an epithelia if layer on the bone surface
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14
Q

Osteocytes key facts (3)

A
  1. Osteoblasts engulfed in bone matrix during apposition & eventually become entombed within bone matrix - now become Osteocytes
  2. Relies on canaliculi to maintain junctions with other entombed osteocyte cells & with the bone surface & hence to the vascular supply
  3. Function in regulation of calcium homeostasis & act as strain gauge to monitor & record the extent of physical loading
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15
Q

Osteoclasts

A
  1. Large mutlinucleate cells responsible for reabsorption of bone
  2. Distinctive appearance and contains unique organelles: the ruffled border & clear zone
    - the ruffled border increases surface area to secrete hydrogen ions into clear zone to dissolve calcium out of bone
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16
Q

Lining cells (2)

A
  1. Lining cells used to be osteoblasts Osteoblasts which have completed phase of synthetic activity. Can be reactivated
  2. Important function in the activation of bone remodelling & probably cooperate with osteocytes in regulating calcium exchange from bones
17
Q

Key functions of bone cells

A

1.Osteoblasts - build bones
2.Osteocyte - looks after bone
3.Osteoclast - removes bone
4.lining cell - guards/maintains bone

18
Q

Distinguishing features of bone cells

A
  1. Osteoblast - plump, cuboidal, 1 nucleus
  2. Osteocyte - surrounded by bone matrix. Has canaliculi. 1 nucleus
  3. Osteoclast - clear zone & ruffled border. Has many (up to 50) nuclei
  4. Lining cells - flat in appearance. 1 nucleus that is hard to see
19
Q

What is bone matrix made of?

A

Composite of:
- Type I collagen, bone proteoglycan & some non collageous proteins osteocalcin, osteonectin, osteopontin

  • mineral hydroxyapatite a complex calcium phosphate salt
20
Q

What is deminerlised bone ?

A

(Just collagen not mineral)

  • demineralise by removing the mineral component - makes bone very bendy
21
Q

What is Anorganic bone?

A

Remove collagen component
This makes bone ver brittle like a meringue

22
Q

2 forms/types of bone?

A
  1. Compact bone
  2. Cancellous/ spongy/ trabecular bone
23
Q

What is compact bone?

A

High proportion of bone with few spaces
Outside of bone

24
Q

What is cancellous bone?

A

There is a low proportion of bone and a lot of space

Is composed of a network of rods called trabeculae

Inside

25
Q
A

Growth & remodelling
0-18 years

Remodelling & renewed modelling
18-45

26
Q

Bone remodelling stages (5)

A

1.Resting - osteoblasts and osteocytes
2.Activation - monocytes
3. Reabsorption
4. Reversal
5. Formation

27
Q

Fracture repair stages (4)

A
  1. Haematoma formation (scab formation- stop blood haemorrhaging out)
  2. Soft callus formation - collagen laid down to try & attach to end of bone
  3. Hard callus formation- can mineralise collagen
  4. Bone remodelling
28
Q

Bone conclusions (4)

A
  • is a living tissue
  • dynamic
  • home to numerous cell types
  • responsive to numerous stimuli
29
Q

What type of connective tissue are intervertebral discs composed of?

A

Fibrocartilage

BIOL 122 (12 decks)

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