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BIOL 122 > Lecture 6 The Liver & Metabolic Homeostasis > Flashcards

Lecture 6 The Liver & Metabolic Homeostasis Flashcards

1
Q

What are the liver functions (7)

A
  1. Phagocytosis
  2. Synthesis of Bile salts & excretion of haem
  3. Synthesis of serum proteins
  4. Processing of drugs & hormones
  5. Activation of Vitamin D
  6. Storage e.g. glycogen/ Vitamin A (retinol)
  7. Metabolism
    - carbohydrate metabolism
    - lipid metabolism
    - protein metabolism
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2
Q

How much does the liver weigh?

A

About 1.4Kg

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3
Q

What 3 blood vessels are involved in in liver blood supply ?

A
  1. Hepatic portal vein - nutrients
    (Not a true vein as conducts blood from capillary bed of GI tract to capillary bed of liver & does not go directly to heart)
  2. Hepatic artery - oxygen
  3. Inferior vena cava - to heart
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4
Q

Gross anatomy of liver

A
  1. Right lobe of liver
  2. Right hepatic duct
  3. Left lobe of liver
  4. Left hepatic duct
  5. Cystic duct
  6. Common hepatic duct
  7. Common bile duct
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5
Q

What is a liver lobule ?

A

The functional unit of the liver

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6
Q

Overview of a single liver lobule (3)

A
  1. Portal triad:
    - branch of hepatic artery
    - branch of hepatic vein
    - bile duct
  2. Central vein
  3. Liver lobule
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7
Q

Details of single liver lobule (5)

A
  1. Connective tissue
  2. Sinusoids
  3. Hepatocytes
  4. Central vein
  5. Portal triad (3)
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8
Q

What are Kupffer cells? (3)

A
  1. Within sinusoids
  2. Fixed bacteria cells
  3. Remove these Bacteria & old blood cells
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9
Q

Where is bile stored?

A

Gall bladder

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10
Q

Features of bile (3)

A
  1. 800ml-1 litre per day
  2. Yellow/green
  3. pH 7.6-8.6
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11
Q

What does bile contain? (6)

A
  1. Water
  2. Bile salts
  3. Cholesterol
  4. Phospholipids
  5. Bile pigments
  6. Ions
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12
Q

What are bile slats & what do they do? (4)

A
  1. Based on the structure of cholesterol (e.g. sodium glyocholate)
  2. Emulsify fat
  3. Allow pancreatic lipase (catalyses hydrolysis of lipids) to break down fats more easily
  4. Aid absorption of lipids
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13
Q

What are bile pigments & what do they do? (3)

A
  1. When red blood cells broken down they recycle the iron present in haemoglobin and break down haem
  2. Bilirubin (yellow) breakdown product of haem
  3. Bilirubin metabolised by bacteria to give stercobilin (brown) - faeces
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14
Q

Bilirubin

A
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15
Q

Glycogenesis

A

Food -> plasma glucose increases -> insulin which converts glucose to glycogen

  • absorptive state
  • within hepatocytes
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16
Q

Glycogenolysis

A

Glucagon & adrenaline convert glycogen to glucose

Glycolysis - postabsorptive state

17
Q

Gluconeogenesis

A
18
Q

3 carbon chain molecules used in gluconeogenesis (3)

A
  1. Lactic acid
  2. Pyruvic acid
  3. Glyceraldehyde
19
Q

Lipid metabolism in Hepatocytes (3)

A
  1. Make triglycerides (lipogenesis)
  2. Triglycerides broken down to fatty acids & glycerol (lipolysis)
  3. Make cholesterol (a lipid) + bile salts
20
Q

Lipogenesis

A
  • in absorptive state
  • glucose & amino acids converted to glycerol & fatty acids by insulin
  • triglycerides ( triacylglycerols)
21
Q

What happens in lipolysis (6)

A
  • post absorptive state
    ( adrenaline, noradrenaline & cortisol)
  1. Triglycerides -> fatty acids + glycerol
  2. Glycerol -> Pyruvate -> Acetyl CoA
  3. Fatty acid catabolism (beta oxidation) -> Acetyl CoA
  4. Acetyl CoA -> acetoacetic acid -> beta hydroxybutyric acid + acetone
  5. Ketone bodies -> ATP in Kreb’s cycle
22
Q

Protein metabolism: catabolism (2)

A
  • for energy production
  1. Deamination of amino acids
    Organic acid + NH4+ -> Urea -> Urine
  2. Amino acids -> glucose or ketone bodies or fatty acids-> Acetyl CoA- Kreb’s cycle - ATP
23
Q

Protein metabolism: Anabolism

A

Hepatocytes make plasma proteins (e.g. albumin & fibrinogen)

24
Q

What happens in absorptive state (2)

A
  1. Glycogenesis
  2. Lipogenesis
25
Q

What happens in post-absorptive state (3)

A
  1. Glycogenolysis
  2. Gluconeogenesis
  3. Lipolysis

BIOL 122 (12 decks)

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