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BIOL 122 > Lecture 5 Water Homeostasis & the Urinary System > Flashcards

Lecture 5 Water Homeostasis & the Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

What 2 structures is the renal corpuscle made up of?

A
  1. Glomerulus
  2. Bowman’s capsule
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2
Q

What vessel in the nephron does the blood enter and exit?

A

Blood enters afferent arteriole

Blood exits efferent arteriole of glomerulus

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3
Q

What happens in the renal corpuscle?

A
  • Filtration occurs here
  • Water and all solutes (e.g. glucose, amino acids, ions, waste products) enter Bowman’s capsule BUT not proteins >65KD
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4
Q

Does the afferent or efferent arteriole have a larger diameter?

A

Afferent arteriole
Therefore higher pressure in glomerulus where filtration of blood occurs

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5
Q

Structure of Bowman’s capsule

A
  1. Parietal layer of glomerular capsule
  2. Visceral layer of glomerular capsule
    Has podocyte

Pedicel ?
Mesangial cells

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6
Q

Structure/details of filtration membrane (3)

A
  1. Glomerular endothelial cell - All plasma passes
  2. Basal lamina of glomerulus - Large proteins held back
  3. Slit membrane - Medium-sized proteins held back
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7
Q

What molecules are reabsorbed back into blood in the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)? give the percentage (6)

A
  1. Water - 65% osmosis
  2. Na + ions - 65% (symporters & others)
  3. Glucose -100% (symporters)
  4. Amino acids -100%
  5. Cl - : 50%
  6. HCO3- : 80-90% (bicarbonate)
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8
Q

What molecules are secreted into the tubular fluid in PCT? (3)

A
  1. H+ (variable)
  2. NH4+ (variable)
  3. Urea (variable)
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9
Q

Why are there lots of mitochondria and microbiology in PCT ?

A

Active transport in PCT requires energy - so lots of mitochondria present.

Microvilli- Large surface area for reabsorption

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10
Q

What happens in descending limb loop of Henle?

A
  • Water moves out of descending limb of loop of Henle by osmosis because medulla solute concentration increases
  • Tubular fluid very concentrated in hairpin
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11
Q

What happens in ascending limb of Loop of Henle?

A

-NaCl diffuses into medulla interstitial fluid at the base of LoH

  • Active transport of NaCl in thick section of LoH which creates a salt concentration gradient in medulla
  • Ascending limb is impermeable to water
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12
Q

What is reabsorbed in distal convoluted tubule (DCT) ? (3)

A
  1. Na+ ions - 5% - increased by action of aldosterone enabling more water reabsorption by osmosis
  2. Water - 10-15% - osmosis
  3. Cl- 5%
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13
Q

What molecules are secreted into the tubular fluid in the DCT (4)

A
  1. H+
  2. K+
  3. NH4+
  4. Urea
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14
Q

What does the collecting duct resbsorb back into the blood ? (3)

A
  1. Water - variable- ADH causes insertion of aquaporin 2 water channels into Principal cells of collecting duct so concentrated urine is made
  2. Na+ ions - therefore if no ADH dilute urine is made
  3. Urea - recycling into base of LoH to increase solute concentration in medulla
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15
Q

What is secreted into tubular fluid in collecting duct? (2)

A
  1. K+
  2. H+ (adjust blood pH)
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16
Q

What are the 2 types of nephron?

A
  1. Cortical nephron- approx 80-85%
  2. Juxtamedullary nephron ( LoH extends into medulla) - approx 15-20%
17
Q

Dehydration (diarrhoea, vomiting)

A
  1. Weight loss
  2. Increasing thirst
  3. Light headedness
  4. Kidney failure
18
Q

Overhydration (water intoxication)

A
  1. Digestive problems
  2. Behavioural changes
  3. Seizures
  4. Coma
19
Q

What happens when dehydrated? (4)

A
  1. ADH (Anti diuretic hormone/ vasopressin) prevents water loss
  2. ADH made in hypothalamus & released from posterior pituitary gland
  3. More water absorbed from collecting ducts back into body
  4. Concentrated urine produced & water conserved
20
Q

Juxta Glomerular Appartus

A

In response to low BP or low sodium in the distal tubule, the granular cells secrete renin which ultimately results in release of aldosterone

21
Q

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldoesterone System

A
22
Q

What happens during over hydration (2)

A
  1. Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
    - Blood volume increases
    - atria of heart stretch- ANP produced
    - Natriuresis (loss of Na+ & Cl- in urine)
    - water follows electrolytes (lots of dilute urine)
    - blood volume decreases
  2. ADH - secretion of ADH shuts down therefore less water reabsorbed in collecting duct

BIOL 122 (12 decks)

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