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BIOL 122 > Lecture 12 The Integument (skin) > Flashcards

Lecture 12 The Integument (skin) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 key functions of the skin? Give examples for each function

A
  1. Protecting
    - injury, infection, UV radiation
  2. Regulating
    - temperature, water balance, excrete waste
  3. Sensing
    - touch, pressure, vibration, pain, heat, cold (light)
  4. Producing
    - vitamin D, nitric oxide
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2
Q

What are the layers of the skin

A
  1. Epidermis (kerantinocyte)
  2. Papillary dermis (fibroblast)
  3. Reticular dermis (fibroblast)
  4. Hypodermis
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3
Q

Features of skin (8)

A

-Langerhans cells (epidermis)
- Melanocyte
- Merkel cell
- sebaceous gland
- Arrector Pili muscle
- hair follicle
- eccrine sweat gland
- apocrine sweat gland

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4
Q

Features of thick skin. Where do you find thick skin?

A
  • increase in sensory receptors
  • no hair follicles, arrector pili muscles or sebaceous glands
  • find it on palms & soles
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5
Q

Features of thin skin. Where do you find thin skin?

A
  • decrease in stratum spinsom & stratum corneum
  • no stratum lucidium
  • found on most of the body
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6
Q

What type of epithelium makes up the epidermis

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

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7
Q

What are the layers of the epidermis called ? (5)

A
  1. Stratum corneum
  2. Stratum lucidum
  3. Stratum granulosum
  4. Stratum spinosum
  5. Stratum basale
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8
Q

Where are epidermal keratinocytes produced and where do they migrate?

A

-Produced in stratum basale (basal layer)
- migrate upward

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9
Q

What is the uppermost layer of epidermis made of and where are lamellar granules secreted?

A
  1. Uppermost layer of keratinocytes are dead, dry, scale like cells
  2. Upper layer of keratinocytes secrete lamellar granules, forming an impermeable, lipid-containing membrane that serves as a water barrier
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10
Q

How long does it take the epidermis to turn-over?

A

4 weeks

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11
Q

Where are new keratinocytes produced?

A

New keratinocytes produced at bottom of epidermis and push the old ones up

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12
Q

Name 4 cell types of the epidermis and the percentage of them in the epidermis ?

A
  1. Keratinocytes (90%)
  2. Melanocytes (8%)
  3. Langerhans Cell
  4. Merkel Cell
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13
Q

What do Langerhans cells do ?

A

Recognise and process microbial invaders

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14
Q

Function of melanocytes

A

Melanocytes transfer melanosomes to surrounding keratinocytes through their dendrites

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15
Q

What is the ratio between melanocyte and basal cells (keratinocyte at the basal layer) ?

A

Around 1:4 to 1:20

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16
Q

What is the dermis made up of and where is it located?

A

-made up of connective tissue mainly collagen (limits flexibility) and elastic fibres (provides flexibility)

  • found between epidermis & hypodermis
  • dermis is much thicker than epidermis
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17
Q

What are the cell types in the dermis (5)

A
  1. Fibroblasts (main)
  2. Mast cells
  3. Phagocytes
  4. Blood vessels
  5. Adipocytes
18
Q

What is the Papillary dermis?

A

Uppermost layer of dermis

19
Q

What % of the dermis is the papillary dermis ?

A

20%

20
Q

What is papillary dermis made up of ?

A

Areolar connective tissue
Fine collagen & elastic fibres

21
Q

What do dermal papillae contain?

A
  • capillary loops
  • nerve endings (Meissner corpuscles; sensitivity to light touch)
  • free nerve endings
22
Q

What % of the dermis does the reticular dermis make up?

A

85%

23
Q

What is the reticular dermis made of?

A

Irregular dense connective tissue
Thick collagen/elastin fibres
Most of skins strength & flexibility

24
Q

What does reticular dermis contain?

A
  • Epidermal appendages (hair,sweat & sebaceous glands)
  • Nerve endings (Pacinian corpuscles; detects vibrations & pressure)
25
Q

What are 4 accessory skin structures?

A
  1. Hair
  2. Sebaceous (oil) glands
  3. Sweat glands
  4. Nails
26
Q

What are the layers of the hair shaft ? (3)

A
  1. Inner layer - medulla - soft core
  2. Cortex - main bulk & pigment
  3. Cuticle - outer protective layer
    (4. Root sheath
  4. Outer layer - connective tissue sheath )
27
Q

What is hair made up of ?

A
  1. Hair shaft
  2. Root sheath
  3. Hair buldge
  4. Dermal papilla
28
Q

What is hair shaft made from? (2)

A

Keratinocytes
Keratin

29
Q

What does bathe hair bulge contain?

A

Stem cell population

30
Q

What does the dermal papilla contain in hair shaft?

A

Specialised mesenchymal cells

31
Q

What does the near dermal papilla contain in hair shaft?

A

Melanocytes
Blood vessels

32
Q

What is the shape of sebaceous (oil) glands and what are they usually connected to?

A
  • simple branched acinar gland
  • usually connected to hair follicles
33
Q

What is the function of sebaceous gland?

A

Secrete oily sebum which:
- moisturise and protect skin & hairs
- antibacterial

34
Q

What can too much sebum/inflammation cause?

A

Acne

35
Q

What are the shape of sweat glands?

A

Simple coiled tubular gland

36
Q

General functions of sweat glands (3)

A
  1. Produce body odour
  2. Excrete waste
  3. Regulates body temperature
37
Q

What are the 2 types of sweat glands?

A
  1. Eccrine
  2. Apocrine
38
Q

Function of eccrine sweat glands

A
  • secrete sweat onto body surface
  • which regulates body temperature
39
Q

What does sweat contain & how much is produced per day?

A

Contains:
- water
- sodium ions
- chloride ions
- urea
- uric acid
- ammonia
- amino acids
- glucose
- lactic acid

  • produce 600ml per day
40
Q

Function of apocrine sweat glands

A
  1. Merocrine secretion (not apocrine secretion)
  2. Body odour
  3. Secrete ‘thick’ sweat into hair follicle ducts
41
Q

What does nail consist of ?

A

Dead, tightly compressed cells packed with keratin

42
Q

Where do nails grow from?

A

Grow out of nail root - an epidermal fold not visible from surface

BIOL 122 (12 decks)

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