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social psych > Lecture 9 - Attraction and close relationships > Flashcards

Lecture 9 - Attraction and close relationships Flashcards

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1
Q

Attraction

A

A desire for voluntary relationship, sustained because the participants like each other

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2
Q

Close relationships

A

Intimacy, friendships, sharing, and love between two people

- Need for affiliation and need for intimacy

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3
Q

Why are we attracted to others?

A
  1. Proximity
  2. Similarity
  3. Physical attractiveness
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4
Q

Proximity

A
  • We like others who are close to us

- The surprising aspect is the strength of the relationship

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5
Q

Boussard (1932) - A study of marriage license applications in Philadelphia

A

Found a negative relationship between the physical distance of the addresses and the number of applications

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6
Q

Festinger’s Study of Proximity

A

Few friendships cross floors (i.e., if had to go upstairs/downstairs), except for apartments at the bottom of steps or tops of steps

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7
Q

Why Does Physical Attraction Have Such An Effect?

A
  1. Immediacy – immediately notice
  2. Prestige – Halo effect
  3. Biology/evolution – better @ reproducing
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8
Q

Theories of attraction

A
  • Reinforcement-Affect Model
  • Social Exchange Theory
  • Equity Theory
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9
Q

Reinforcement-Affect model

A

Attraction follows principles of learning

  • If the presence of another is rewarding: We experience positive emotions
  • Leads to increased attn
  • and vice versa
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10
Q

Social exchange theory

A

A cost-benefit analysis of a relationship

  • The perceived rewards and costs of the relationship
  • A person’s expected rewards and costs (the comparison level)
  • The rewards and costs of possible alternative relationships
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11
Q

Equity theory

A

The benefits a person receives from a relationship should be proportional to (but not necessarily equal to) the contributions a person makes

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12
Q

Sternberg’s (1986) triangular theory of love

A

o Passion
o Intimacy
o Commitment

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13
Q

Intimacy

A

Feeling close, connected, bonded

- Interdependent behavior and overlapping self-concepts

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14
Q

Passion

A

Romance; physical and sexual attraction

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15
Q

Commitment

A

A conscious decision to maintain the relationship over time

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16
Q

Attachment

A

A positive emotional bond that develops between two people

17
Q

Infant attachment styles highlighted by

A

Ainsworth’s Strange Situation Test (1969)

18
Q

How does the infant react to the mother when she returns? - secure

A

(70%)

- Infant is distressed when mom leaves and is comforted when she returns

19
Q

How does the infant react to the mother when she returns? - avoidant

A

(20%)

- Infant does not cry when mom leaves and ignores her when she returns

20
Q

How does the infant react to the mother when she returns? - anxious/ambivalent (resistant)

A

(10%)

- Infant cries when mom leaves and is not comforted when she returns

21
Q

Attachment experiences help forge two working models

A
  1. model of self

2. model of others

22
Q

Hazan and Shaver’s (1987) Adult Attachment Scale - secure

A

(56%)

  • I find it easy to get close to others and am comfortable depending on them.
  • I don’t often worry about being abandoned or someone getting too close to me
  • Greater happiness, friendship and trust in romantic relationships
  • Believe that romantic love can endure
23
Q

Hazan and Shaver’s (1987) Adult Attachment Scale - avoidant

A

(25%)

  • I am somewhat uncomfortable being close to others; I find it difficult to trust them completely.
  • I am nervous when anyone gets too close, and often love partners who want me to be more intimate than I feel comfortable being
  • Likely to say romantic love rarely lasts
  • Less trusting and accepting of romantic partners
24
Q

Hazan and Shaver’s (1987) Adult Attachment Scale - anxious/ambivalent (resistant)

A

(20%)

  • I find others are reluctant to get as close as I would like; I often worry that my partner does really love or won’t stay with me
  • I want to get very close to my partner and this sometimes scares people away
  • Greater jealousy and emotional extremes
  • Heightened desires for relationships and reciprocity
25
Q

Bolby suggested that there should actually be four attachment styles:

A
  1. Secure (+Self/+Other)
  2. Preoccupied (-Self/+Other)
  3. Dismissing (+Self/-Other)
  4. Fearful (-Self/-Other)
26
Q

Secure

A

(+Self/+Other)

  • An internalized sense of self-worth
  • Comfort with intimacy in relationships
27
Q

Preoccupied

A

(-Self/+Other)

  • A deep sense of unworthiness/being unloveable
  • Excessive closeness in personal relationships
  • Extreme distress when intimacy needs are not met
28
Q

Dismissing

A

(+Self/-Other)

  • Deny the value of close relationships
  • Stressing the importance of independence
29
Q

Fearful

A

(-Self/-Other)

  • Dependent on others for self-worth
  • Shun intimacy to avoid loss or rejection

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