Lecture 7 - Stereotyping, Prejudice, Discrimination

Question 1

Stereotype

Answer 1

A set of beliefs and expectations about members of a group

- basis for categorizing other ppl

Question 2

Prejudice

Answer 2

A (negative) evaluation of people based solely on their membership in a group

Question 3

Discrimination

Answer 3

Negative behavior toward people based solely on their membership in a group
** Behavioral component

Question 4

Two dimensions underlying stereotypes:

Answer 4

1. Warmth (liking/disliking)

2. Competence (respect/disrespect)

Question 5

Explicit stereotypes

Answer 5

Explicitly, although you may not endorse specific stereotypes, you can rattle off the different stereotypes of different groups or “races”

• You are aware of the stereotypes and you know what they are
• Even members of that particular group know what the stereotypes are of their group

Question 6

Implicit stereotypes

Answer 6

More analogous to heuristics

- Entails an automatic type of processing (i.e., Rule of thumb that we rely on)

Question 7

Social categorization

Answer 7

The classification of people into groups based on common attributes
- Primordialist vs. Circumstantialist

Question 8

Circumstantialist

Answer 8

Categorize people based on their circumstances/nature

Question 9

Primordialists

Answer 9

There is something inherent in people that they use to categorize people

Question 10

Properties of categorization

Answer 10

1. It is an automatic and adaptive mechanism
2. It is based on the representativeness heuristic
3. It is based on salient social categories

Question 11

Accentuation Effect

Answer 11

• Consequence of stereotyping
• We minimize differences within our groups, but recognize differences within our own groups
• Out-group Homogeneity Effect

Question 12

Devine’s Dissociate Model of Prejudice

Answer 12

• The default response to a member of a group is stereotype activation
• Low prejudiced individuals can override the stereotypes, but only if they are willing and able to activate personal believes

Question 13

Devine’s Dissociate Model of Prejudice- Two types of stored knowledge

Answer 13

1. Stereotypes (Automatically activated in everyone)

2. (Prejudiced) Personal Beliefs (These are cognitively controlled and require cognitive resources)

Question 14

Devine’s Dissociate Model of Prejudice- Different Properties of Two types of stored knowledge

Answer 14

1. Stereotypes are automatically activated in response to a target
2. Low prejudiced individuals may override their stereotypes with their personal beliefs, but this is a controlled process

Question 15

Realistic conflict theory

Answer 15

Prejudice results from the competition for scarce resources

• When groups are in conflict:
  1. Increases hostility toward the other group
  3. Increased loyalty toward one’s own group

Question 16

Prejudiced personality?

Answer 16

• People who reject one out-group will tend to reject other out-groups
• Authoritarian Personality

Question 17

Social dominance orientation

Answer 17

Desire to have one’s in-group in position of dominance or superiority to out-groups
- embraced more by men than women

Question 18

Big 5 model of personality and prejudice

Answer 18

1. openness to experience

2. agreeableness

Question 19

Minimal groups paradigm

Answer 19

Groups that are formed along arbitrary lines

- Prejudice and discrimination occurs even in these situations

Question 20

BIRG (“basking in reflected glory”)

Answer 20

when in-group does something good

E.g., “We did great!”

Question 21

CORF (“cutting off reflected failures”)

Answer 21

when in-group does something bad

E.g., “They did awful!”

Question 22

Social identity theory

Answer 22

We all need to have a positive self-concept, which is conferred on us vie identification with certain groups

Question 23

Self-categorization theory

Answer 23

Self-categorization serve function of > uncertainty; look to in-group to validate world views

Question 24

Old fashioned racism

Answer 24

• Overt, blatant racism

- “Black people are generally not as smart as Whites”

Question 25

Modern/symbolic racism

Answer 25

• Subtle racism grounded in traditional, conservative values

- “Discrimination against Blacks is no longer a problem in America”

Question 26

Aversive Racism

Answer 26

• People who believe they are not prejudiced, but who have negative feelings toward Blacks
• Feel uneasy towards people of a different racial group
• try to appear not racist

Question 27

Stereotype threat

Answer 27

The risk of confirming a negative stereotype about one’s own group

Question 28

Consequences of stereotype threat

Answer 28

• Disidentification with the threatening task
  Eg Black students will say school is not important to them
  Eg Women will say math is not important for them
• Disidentification protects self-esteem, but undermines achievement

Question 29

Reducing prejudice

Answer 29

1. The Contact Hypothesis
2. Personalizing Out-group Members
3. Changing Social Norms
   Eg Supreme Court Decisions - Brown v. Board of Education

Question 30

The Contact hypothesis

Answer 30

Interactions between group members will reduce prejudice under the following conditions:

1. Cooperation
2. Equal status of the groups within the contact situation
3. Common goals (Superordinate goals)
4. Contact supported by authorities and norms