Lecture 7 - Stereotyping, Prejudice, Discrimination Flashcards
Stereotype
A set of beliefs and expectations about members of a group
- basis for categorizing other ppl
Prejudice
A (negative) evaluation of people based solely on their membership in a group
Discrimination
Negative behavior toward people based solely on their membership in a group
** Behavioral component
Two dimensions underlying stereotypes:
- Warmth (liking/disliking)
2. Competence (respect/disrespect)
Explicit stereotypes
Explicitly, although you may not endorse specific stereotypes, you can rattle off the different stereotypes of different groups or “races”
- You are aware of the stereotypes and you know what they are
- Even members of that particular group know what the stereotypes are of their group
Implicit stereotypes
More analogous to heuristics
- Entails an automatic type of processing (i.e., Rule of thumb that we rely on)
Social categorization
The classification of people into groups based on common attributes
- Primordialist vs. Circumstantialist
Circumstantialist
Categorize people based on their circumstances/nature
Primordialists
There is something inherent in people that they use to categorize people
Properties of categorization
- It is an automatic and adaptive mechanism
- It is based on the representativeness heuristic
- It is based on salient social categories
Accentuation Effect
- Consequence of stereotyping
- We minimize differences within our groups, but recognize differences within our own groups
- Out-group Homogeneity Effect
Devine’s Dissociate Model of Prejudice
- The default response to a member of a group is stereotype activation
- Low prejudiced individuals can override the stereotypes, but only if they are willing and able to activate personal believes
Devine’s Dissociate Model of Prejudice- Two types of stored knowledge
- Stereotypes (Automatically activated in everyone)
2. (Prejudiced) Personal Beliefs (These are cognitively controlled and require cognitive resources)
Devine’s Dissociate Model of Prejudice- Different Properties of Two types of stored knowledge
- Stereotypes are automatically activated in response to a target
- Low prejudiced individuals may override their stereotypes with their personal beliefs, but this is a controlled process
Realistic conflict theory
Prejudice results from the competition for scarce resources
- When groups are in conflict:
1. Increases hostility toward the other group
3. Increased loyalty toward one’s own group
Prejudiced personality?
- People who reject one out-group will tend to reject other out-groups
- Authoritarian Personality
Social dominance orientation
Desire to have one’s in-group in position of dominance or superiority to out-groups
- embraced more by men than women
Big 5 model of personality and prejudice
- openness to experience
2. agreeableness
Minimal groups paradigm
Groups that are formed along arbitrary lines
- Prejudice and discrimination occurs even in these situations
BIRG (“basking in reflected glory”)
when in-group does something good
E.g., “We did great!”
CORF (“cutting off reflected failures”)
when in-group does something bad
E.g., “They did awful!”
Social identity theory
We all need to have a positive self-concept, which is conferred on us vie identification with certain groups
Self-categorization theory
Self-categorization serve function of > uncertainty; look to in-group to validate world views
Old fashioned racism
- Overt, blatant racism
- “Black people are generally not as smart as Whites”
Modern/symbolic racism
- Subtle racism grounded in traditional, conservative values
- “Discrimination against Blacks is no longer a problem in America”
Aversive Racism
- People who believe they are not prejudiced, but who have negative feelings toward Blacks
- Feel uneasy towards people of a different racial group
- try to appear not racist
Stereotype threat
The risk of confirming a negative stereotype about one’s own group
Consequences of stereotype threat
- Disidentification with the threatening task
Eg Black students will say school is not important to them
Eg Women will say math is not important for them - Disidentification protects self-esteem, but undermines achievement
Reducing prejudice
- The Contact Hypothesis
- Personalizing Out-group Members
- Changing Social Norms
Eg Supreme Court Decisions - Brown v. Board of Education
The Contact hypothesis
Interactions between group members will reduce prejudice under the following conditions:
- Cooperation
- Equal status of the groups within the contact situation
- Common goals (Superordinate goals)
- Contact supported by authorities and norms
