Lecture 2 - groups

Question 1

Psychological group

Answer 1

Interacting people considered by themselves or other to belong together

Question 2

Psychological group

Answer 2

Interacting people considered by themselves or other to belong together

Question 3

Psychological group

Answer 3

Interacting people considered by themselves or other to belong together

Question 4

Main Characteristics of Groups:

Answer 4

PRINT (Purpose, Role, Interdependent, Norms, Ties)

1. Have a purpose (Instrumental vs. Affiliative)
2. Adhere to group norms
3. Each member has job or role within the group
4. Members have affective/emotional ties to others in group (related to group cohesiveness)
5. Members are interdependent

Question 5

Instrumental

Answer 5

Group members are performing some task in order to achieve some goal
Eg jury, team

Question 6

Affiliative

Answer 6

Serves a need for belonging/fulfill self-esteem functions

eg sororities

Question 7

Grp norms

Answer 7

Shared perceptions of how you are to behave

Question 8

Cohesiveness

Answer 8

The strength of the relationships that link members of a group together

Question 9

Factors that infl grp cohesiveness

Answer 9

1. Mutual attraction
2. Propinquity
3. Adherence to norms
4. Grp’s success at moving toward its goal
5. Grp loyalty

Question 10

Propinquity

Answer 10

Physical proximity

Question 11

Norman Triplett (1897)

Answer 11

• Arguably conducted the first social psychology experiment
• Perceived groups has facilitating some sort of behavior
• Found - The presence of others appeared to facilitate performance (“Social Facilitation”)

Question 12

Robert Zajonc (1965)

Answer 12

Arousal Theory of Social Facilitation

Question 13

Arousal Theory of Social Facilitation

Answer 13

• The mere presence of others leads to a state of arousal.
• That arousal enhances/facilitates what is your dominant response (i.e., how you normally respond).
• Easy = enhanced performance
  Difficult tasks = inhibited performance

Question 14

Explanations for Arousal

Answer 14

1. Mere exposure
2. Evaluation apprehension
3. Distraction conflict theory

Question 15

Mere exposure

Answer 15

Explanation for arousal

• The mere presence of others is arousing
• Found to be insufficient to produce arousal

Question 16

Evaluation apprehension

Answer 16

Explanation for arousal

• The possibility that others can either punish or reward our behavior that is arousing
• (the thoughts of others’ evaluations is what is arousing)

Question 17

Distraction-Conflict Theory

Answer 17

The presence of others is distracting our attention from the task that we need to be performing

Question 18

Zimbardo (1969) Model of Deindividuation

Answer 18

You become less of an individual in groups

Question 19

Antecedents of Deindividuation

Answer 19

o Arousal
o Anonymity
o Diffusion of Responsibility

Question 20

Characteristics of deindividuation

Answer 20

• Less self observation and evaluation
• Less concern with the evaluations of others
• Weakening of internal controls - eg Less guilt and shame

Question 21

Bxs of deindividuation

Answer 21

Not good
o	Impulsivity
o	Irrationality
o	Emotionality
o	Anti-social activity

Question 22

Warfare and deindividuation

Answer 22

NO deindiv = 13 percent aggressive

Deindiv = 80 percent aggressive

Question 23

Halloween mayhem

Answer 23

• Children arrived either alone or in groups
• Children either identified or anonymous
  Findings:
• Group and identified stole as much candy as those alone and anonymous
• Group and anonymous stole the most candy

Question 24

Social norms

Answer 24

Expected standards of behavior and belief established and enforced by a group.
- ppl who violate tend to be punished either formally or informally

Question 25

Black sheep effect

Answer 25

Ingroup deviants are rejected more than outgroup deviants

Question 26

Ostracism

Answer 26

The intentional exclusion or ignoring of other individuals or groups

Question 27

Goal of a group

Answer 27

To arrive at the best decision

Question 28

Goal of individual in a group

Answer 28

• Impression management
• Avoid hurting others’ feelings
• Avoiding responsibility if things go wrong

Question 29

Factors affecting group decision-making ability

Answer 29

1. Group size

2. Grp cohesiveness

Question 30

Illusion of efficiency

Answer 30

Regards the idea that small groups are more effective

- Literature demonstrates both large and small groups tend to be equally effective in addressing social dilemmas

Question 31

Task-based cohesiveness

Answer 31

How much faith do you have in your group members being able to achieve the group’s goals

Question 32

Interpersonal cohesiveness

Answer 32

Likeability

Question 33

Dialectical Bootstrapping

Answer 33

Neither estimate was better than the other

Question 34

Group polarization

Answer 34

Group-produced enhancement or exaggeration of members’ initial attitudes through discussion

Question 35

Why group polarization occurs

Answer 35

1. Pervasive arguments account
2. Social Comparison account
   - Research supports both –> These accounts are consistent with the understanding motivation

Question 36

Pervasive arguments account

Answer 36

Exposed to new arguments validating initial beliefs, thus strengthening the initial position

Question 37

Social comparison account

Answer 37

Shift view to those of others in the group

Question 38

Groupthink

Answer 38

A kind of thinking in which maintaining group cohesiveness and solidarity are more important than considering the facts in a realistic manner

Question 39

Conditions for Groupthink

Answer 39

• Group is cohesive and isolated
• Leader is biased and directive
• Group procedures are unclear/Poor decision-making procedures