Lecture 9 Flashcards
thyroid
-The hormones it secretes are essential to all
growth and metabolism.
-The gland is a regulator of all body functions.
-Thyroid disorders are found in 0.8-5% of the
population and are 4 to 7 times more common
in women.
hypothyroid
underactive thyroid
hyperthyroid
overactive thyroid
hypothyroidism
weak slow heart beat *
- muscular weakness and constant fatigue *
- sensitivity to cold *
- thick puffy skin and/or dry skin
- slowed mental processes and poor memory *
- constipation
- goiter (increased size of the thyroid)
- Treated with meds
hyperthyroidism
-rapid force heartbeat
-Tremor*
-muscular weakness*
-weight loss in spite of increased appetite*
-restlessness, anxiety and sleeplessness
-profuse sweating and heat intolerance*
-Diarrhea
-goiter (increased size of the thyroid)
-Treated with meds, radioactive iodine pills or
thyroidectomy
menopause- estrogen/progesterone
-When menstrual periods cease permanently and you
can no longer get pregnant. A full year since your last
period
-Average age – 52 (range – 45-58) or earlier if you
never had children or if you smoke
-Causes increased risk for CV disease, osteoporosis,
mood disorders, hot flashes, sleep disturbance
-Early or surgically-induced menopause (before 40)
uncovers risk factors earlier
metabolic syndrome
- Abdominal obesity
- High lipids
- Increased BP
- Insulin resistance
- Pro–inflammatory state
- Pro-thrombotic state
diabetes
-“a chronic condition that occurs when the body loses its ability to produce or
properly use insulin, a hormone that controls sugar levels in the blood.
There are three main types of diabetes: type 1, type 2 and gestational
diabetes.” *
-The body either can’t produce insulin (type I) autoimmune disorder, or it
can’t use the insulin produced (type II) metabolic disorder
-90% of diabetes in adults is type II
risk factors for diabetes
High cholesterol/triglycerides
- Sedentary
- Family history
- High BP
- Aboriginal, Asian, Latin American or African ethnicity
- Having a baby over 9 lbs
- Being diagnosed with a psychiatric disorder
- Having been diagnosed with sleep apnea
glucose control
-Warning signs: shakiness, dizziness, light headed,
fatigue, tingling around mouth, irritability…
-Can happen during intense physical activity
-Treatment – fast acting carb - sugar
-Warning signs: frequent urination, increased thirst, blurred vision, fatigue,
headache can progress to fruity-smelling breath, weakness, confusion, nausea,
dry mouth, coma
-Treatment – insulin or medication
hypoglycemia
when blood sugar is too low
hyperglycemia
when blood sugar is too high
complications mircovasular
mircovasular: -Retinopathy (eyes)
- Neuropathy (nerves)
- Nephropathy (kidneys)
complications macrovasular
- Cardiac
- Hypertension
- Infection
- Impotence
benefits of exercise
-Decreases circulating blood sugar – less insulin
might be required
-Controls weight
-Controls CV risk factors
-Increases muscle mass
-Exercise increases binding of insulin
-Type I must match intensity to carb intake
recomendations for diabetes
- People with diabetes should accumulate 150 min of
mod-vig aerobic ex. per week (should not go two days
without).
90-140 minutes provides lesser benefit - Interval training recommended for those willing to
perform it (low to mod intensity with work:rest 30 sec to 3
minutes) - RT at least twice a week (pref 3X) initially supervised by
an exercise specialist - Minimize sitting behaviours – break up
long periods of sitting - Goal setting, solving barriers and selfmonitoring
should be performed with health
care provider - Using pedometer or accelerometer in
comb with PA counselling, support and goal
setting reinforces increased activity - Reducing the risk of hypoglycemia
during and after exercise
a) reduce bolus dose of insulin most active at the time of
exercise (eg. before dinner).
b) Reduce or suspend basal insulin for exercise duration
and lower basal rate overnight after exercise by 20%
c) Increase carbs prior to, during and after exercise as
necessary
d) Perform resistance exercise before aerobic activity - People with diabetes over 40 who want to do vigorous
exercise (marathons) should be assessed (foot exam,
resting ECG, GXT, neuropathy screening) - Structured exercise programs with qualified trainers
should be implemented when feasible
stats on diabetes
MB stats – 2019 estimates: 6900 new
cases will be diagnosed and 2900 will die
-More common for people over 50 to be diagnosed
ACSM guidelines for exercise prescription
-Aerobic: large muscle groups, 305 days a week, 20-
60 minute sessions (symptom limited 40=60% HRR)
-Strength: 1-3 sets, 3-5 reps building to 8-15 reps, 2-
3 days a week for 20-30 minutes
-Symptom limited intensity
-Flexibility 5-7 days, 2-4 reps/stretch, 20-30
sec/stretch
-Functional – balance and gait daily
in order to prescribe you must know
In order to prescribe exercise, you must know:
- Type/area affected
- Past and current medical history
- Treatments and side effects
- Medications and side effects
- Signs and symptoms
- Functional capacity
- Comorbidities
your prescription will be altered by
-Disease-specific physical limitations:
-Pain in affected or surrounding area (esp.
musculoskeletal system)
-Shortness of breath – common with lung
-Neural deficits and seizures – disease in brain
treatment specific limitations
-Fatigue – most types of cancer
-Amputations
-Scarring on organs from chemo or radiation
-Anemia or cardiomyopathies from medications
-Radiation dermatitis – decreases ROM – painful
skin
considerations for exercise
-Assess general health prior to each exercise session
-Adapt session to cycle of treatment participant may be in (active
treatment, vs between treatments)
-Uncontrolled vomiting, diarrhea, fever or pain should not exercise
-Low platelet count – prevent falls and other risks to bleeding
-Possibly low oxygen carrying capacity due to anemia
-May have PICC or central line for treatment
lymphedema
-Swelling, heaviness of arm often result of breast cancer
surgery, lymph node removal, blockage or damage from
radiation. Typically triggered by overuse of arms.
-Gradual resistance exercise progression may improve
lymphedema and reduce flare ups compared to those
who don’t do resistance training.
