Lecture 3 Flashcards
risk factors for chronic disease modifiable
Unhealthy diet
Physical inactivity
Tobacco use/alcohol
Overweight
risk factors for chronic disease non modifiable
Age
Gender
Family history
Ethnicity
cardiovascular changes with age
- vessel changes
- heart changes
- blood pressure
- cardiac output
- stroke volume
- Vo2 max
vessel changes
-Arteriosclerosis
-Atherosclerosis
Vein valves deteriorate = varicose veins and blood pooling, fibrosis
-Capillary walls thicken reducing gas exchange
-decreased responsiveness to beta adrenergic receptor stimulation,
a decreased reactivity to baroreceptors and chemoreceptors, and
an increase in circulating catecholamines
Arteriosclerosis
reduced elasticity of aorta
and great arteries = increased resistance (BP),
larger left ventricle
Atherosclerosis
build up of fatty plaques
(lifestyle related) DVT, PVD
heart changes with age
-Lengthened contraction period
-Ischemic myocardium, cardiac cells hypertrophy
-Heart valves become thicker and become stiff
-Loss of atrial pacemaker cells in SA node = decreased intrinsic heart
rate = more likely to have arrhythmias
-Incomplete relaxation during filling (approx 50% between ages 20 and
70)
-Left ventricle hypertrophy
heart rate changes
-Resting HR decreases with age
-Max heart rate decreases 5-10 bpm/decade
(major contributor to decline in oxygen use)
-Slower heart rate recovery after exercise
blood pressure changes
-Patient can be diagnosed as hypertensive if mean
systolic measure is > 135 mmHg and mean diastolic
measure is >85mmHg
-BP increases with age because of increased rigidity
of vessels (10-40 mmHg elevation in both systolic
and diastolic) (CSEP)
-Baroreceptors (carotid and aortic) less sensitive to
BP changes – can cause orthostatic hypotension
cardiac output changes
total amt of blood ejected from each ventricle/minute -Small change with age -Represents ability of the CV system to deliver O2 to working muscles CO = SV X HR
stroke volume changes
-amount of blood pumped out of
each ventricle with each beat
-Moderate decline with age
Vo2 max changes
-Max. capacity to transport O2 during exercise
-Max. oxygen consumption decreases 5-15% per decade after age
30 (Elia, 1991)
-Depends on CO, lung capacity, amt of 02 muscles can use (fibers,
capilarization)
-Highly trained individuals may show little or no decline with age
-Can be increased with moderate to vigorous exercise
respiratory changes with age
-Loss of elastic recoil in lung tissue
-Muscles of chest wall become more stiff, less
pliable, atrophied
• Kyphosis reduces lung capacity
• Ossification of costochondral
cartilage
-Small change in alveoli surface
area (for gas exchange)
-Diminished ability to breathe
deeply, cough and exhale
-Increased size and number of mucous glands in
bronchial tree – narrow airways
-Decrease in ciliary function (decreased immune
response = increase chance of infection)
lung volume changes
Increased residual volume (amt of air left in -lungs after
complete expiration) esp. with lower chest wall
compliance
-Decreased expiratory reserve volume (amt of air exhaled
with normal expiration)
-Decreased vital capacity (volume of air that can be
expelled after full inspiration)
-4-5% per decade decrease after age 25
general physical changes
-Height loss: related to aging changes in the bones, muscles, and
joints. Typical loss: about 1 cm every 10 years after age 40. More quickly after age 70. You may lose a total of 1 to 3 inches as you age
-Body composition: % body fat increases while lean mass and
bone density decrease. Body weight may not change
