Lecture 10 Flashcards
changes with age sight
-Dry eyes – Meibomian gland responsible for
protective fluid of eye reduces production
-Lens thickens, yellows, more opaque
-Loss of acuity
-Requires more light to see
-Retinal changes – possibly macular degeneration
-Low vision
-Diabetic eye complications with retinal vessel
damage
common eye conditions
- Cataracts,
- Glaucoma
- Macular degeneration
- Diabetic retinopathy
implications for exercise programming
-Ask about level of vision and adapt env or equipment
-May have lower than average fitness level
-Balance may be poor
-Manually or verbally orient the individual to the
exercise environment
-Pair up the participant
-Avoid heavy lifting or jumping in individuals with
retinal detachment or recent cataract removal
-keep facility safe and floors clear
changes with age hearing
- Sensori-neural, and mixed hearing loss are common: sometimes conductive (eardrum and small bones)
- Age-related hearing loss: Presbycusis
- High frequency sounds harder to detect
- Speech and sound discrimination decreases
- Most over 50 have some hearing loss
exercise and hearing
Hearing loss does not change any physiological
response to exercise.
Children and adults who are deaf have been found to
have higher rates of obesity
Dynamic balance and spatial orientation may be
affected by hearing loss, especially sudden loss
Be conscience of hearing aid, cochlear implant or
other hearing devices
communication during exercise
- Clear precise verbal cues
- Well lit rooms
- Large, bright signage - contrast
- Watch music levels
- No barriers
- Face class when speaking
falling- a killer
-5145 hospital admissions/yr in MB from falls
-64% of those are seniors
-82 fall-related deaths (86% of those seniors)
-Women fall more frequently
-74% - fractures, 8% - head injuries, 12% cuts and bruises
-One third of all seniors over 65 fall every year; one half over
75
where is the most common place to fall
bathroom
older adults fall differently
-Muscles in front of leg contract more slowly
-Activation sequence not the same
-Muscles do not contract with enough force
-Agonist and antagonist muscles both contract and joints
stiffen (decreases balance even more)
fall risk factors
- Biological
- Behavioural
- Environmental
- Socio-economic
balance
The ability to maintain the body’s position over it’s base of
support
-stationary and dynamic
postural sway
Postural sway – variability in the amount of movement of
the centre of force when standing still
-Increases with age and increases risk of falling
systems that maintain balance
Visual: Ability to detect spatial info – depth perception,
peripheral vision, contrast - all decrease
-vestibular system
-somatosensory system
vestibular system
-inner ear – provides info on head position
-Semi-circular canals aligned with three planes of body
-Fluid in canals provides info on turning of head
-Neurons in canals have direct influence over muscles (exp.
extensors)
-Vestibular neurons decrease in size and number with age
somatosensory system
-Provides info on body position by:
-Cutaneous receptors – changes in pressure on skin
(less sensitive with age)
-Muscle – stretch receptors in muscle signal changes
in length
-Joint receptors – when joint angels change
