Lecture 9 Flashcards
What is learning?
Learning is a process based on EXPERIENCE that results in a relatively consistent change in behaviour of behaviour potential
(not due to maturation of the brain but may be dependant on brain maturation-e.g. for babies)
(can do things that change attitude but this may lead to change in behaviour,) (may take multiple times to cause a change)
Underlines our behaviour
Not all learning is good
-Learning occurs through experience
Classical and operant conditioning are the two ways in which we learn
What is classical conditioning?
The learning of a new association between two previously unrelated stimuli
A neutral stimulus becomes associated (or paired) with a stimulus that causes a reflexive behaviour
We learn that a stimulus predicts a certain event and we respond accordingly
What is Reflex in Classical Conditioning?
unlearned response elicited by stimuli that have a biological relevance for an organism
e.g. salivation, close eye when air blown in -protective feature
What is Unconditional Stimulus (UCS) in Classical Conditioning?
Any stimulus the NATURALLY elicits a behaviour
What is Unconditioned Response (UCR) in Classical Conditioning?
The behaviour elicited by the UCS
What is Conditioned Stimulus (CS) in Classical Conditioning?
A neural stimulus that is able to elicit behaviour only after association with the UCS
What is Conditioned Response (CR) in Classical Conditioning?
The behaviour elicited to the CS
What occurred in the experiment Before Conditioning (in Pavlov’s experiment)?
Food(Unconditioned Stimulus) –> Salivation(Unconditioned Response)
Bell(Neutral Stimulus) –> No Salivation(No UCR)
What occurred in the experiment During Conditioning (in Pavlov’s experiment)?
Neutral stimulus(Bell) + Food(UCS) –> Salivation(Unconditioned Response)
What occurred in the experiment After Conditioning (in Pavlov’s experiment)?
Bell(Conditioned Stimulus) –> Salivation(Conditioned Response)
What is Acquisition (during conditioning)?
the process by which the conditioned response (CR) is first elicited
- CS and UCS must be paired several times (except with being sick from something e.g. food-strong response and long lasting)
- Timing is critical - pairing must be closely enough in time to be perceived as being related
What is Delay conditioning?
Typical/common
The onset of the CS (tone) precedes the onset of the UCS (food powder)
What is Trace conditioning?
The onset of the CS (tone) precedes the onset of the UCS (food powder) and the tone goes of before the food powder begins
What is Simultaneous conditioning?
The CS (tone) and the UCS (food powder) occur at the same time
What is Backward conditioning?
The onset of the UCS (food powder) precedes the onset of the CS (tone)
How do advertisers exploit classical conditioning?
Jingles, media, picutes
Burger (UCS) –> UCR(hunger)
M(NS) + Burger(UCS) –> UCR (hunger)
M(CS) –> CR(hunger)
What are the effects of classical conditioning in Medicine: Chemotherapy?
produce nausea, eat food, sight of food, or drive past hospital
Chemo(UCS) –> UCR (sick)
Chemo(UCS) + fries(NS) –> UCR (sick)
fries(CS) –> CR(sick)
What is Thorndike’s Law of Effect 1927?
Actions that subsequently lead to a ‘satisfying state of affairs’ are more likely to be repeated
-cats escaping from box to get food outside by pressing on latch,
What is operant conditioning?
behaviour –> consequence –> effect on behaviour
everyday
food good –> behaviour go to restaurant again
Food + hair –> behaviour not to go again
What is the Skinner box experiment?
B.F.Skinner -
further developed the concept of operant conditioning and showed how operant conditioning could explain much of our daily behaviour
hungry animal bite pin to get food
What was the Stimulus in the skinner box experiment?
Lever
What was the Response(behaviour) in the skinner box experiment?
Pressing the lever
What was the Consequence in the skinner box experiment?
Receiving food
What is Operant Conditioning?
Operant conditioning is learning an association between a behaviour and its consequence
What is Reinforcement Contingency?
To be most effective, the reinforcement should be contingent (dependent) on a desired response
What are the Consequences of behaviour?
Reinforcement
punishment
What is the Reinforcement consequence of behaviour?
a stimulus that occurs after behaviour and INCREASE the likelihood that the behaviour will occur in the future
What is Punishment consequence of behaviour?
a stimulus that occurs after behaviour and DECREASES the likelihood that the behaviour will occur in the future
What is positive reinforcement?
the presentation of a pleasant stimulus after a behaviour
e.g. money pid for coming to work
What is negative reinforcement?
the removal of an unpleasant stimulus after a behaviour
e.g. aspirin removes headache, greater tendency to do it again
nagging to do DIY, stop when do it
seat belt sound turn off when click in, greater tendency to put in next time
What is positive punishment?
the presentation of an unpleasant stimulus after a behaviour
e. g. Fail - may no be partying again before exam, instead studying next time
- ripping hair off
What is negative punishment?
the removal of a pleasant stimulus after a behaviour
e.g. Time out or grounded by taking away privileges(phone or Wifi)
What does Positive mean?
Adding a stimulus
What does Negative mean?
Removing a stimulus
What are the two types of reinforces?
Primary reinforcers
Secondary reinforcers
What are Primary Reinforcers?
Biologically determined
(food)- aids survival
What are Secondary Reinforcers?
Token economies, money, praise
can get primary from it
(money) - buys food-the primary reinforcers
What are the three important components of reinforcers?
- Immediate vs. delayed reinforcement (e.g. degree you desire)
- magnitude of reinforcement(lollies lose effect over time)
- consistency and repetition or reinforcement (sick be sufficient)
What is superstitious behaviour?
idiosyncratic association between behaviour and their consequences
- pigeon twirling around at 5 when food time, accidentally associated with getting food
- wear same boots to exams, like last time when you got a A+
What is shaping?
a procedure which a complex behaviour is trained by reinforcing closer and closer approximation of the desired response
- Progressively training
- dolphins jumping through hoops
- dogs through complex course
- builds complex chain of behaviour
What are the 3x examples of Progressive training?
to do a complex dance routine a dog to fetch the paper animals to assist people with disabilites -dolphins jumping through hoops -dogs through complex course - builds complex chain of behaviour
What is the effect of Extinction in operant conditioning?
A behaviour reduces in frequency when reinforcement is not given
For instance, a child stops throwing tantrums when his/her parent’s ignore the bad behaviour, walk away child learns tantrum won’t cause parents to come back, therefore extinction of behaviour
What are the two schedules of reinforcement?
Continuous reinforcement schedules
Intermittent/partial reinforcement schedules
vs
Ratio (# to get response) and Intervals (time)
What is Continuous reinforcement schedules?
reinforcer is obtained after every response
What is Intermittent/partial reinforcement schedules?
reinforcer is NOT obtained for every response
What are the two types of ratios?
Fixed ratio
Variable ratio
What is a Fixed ratio?
reinforcer is delivered for the first response made after a fixed number of responses
e.g. factory worker paid per toy made
brief pauses after each reinforcer is delivered - steep, bumpy blue line
What is a Variable ratio?
Reinforcer is delivered for the first response made after variable number of response whose AVERAGE is predetermined
e.g. gambling machine
no pauses after each reinforcer is delivered- steep, flat black line
e.g. waiting for taxi, average time to rate is 10min
What are the two types of interval schedules?
Fixed interval
Variable interval
What is a fixed interval?
reinforcer is deliver for the first response made after a fixed period of time
e.g. salary
Few responses after each reinforcer is delivered
- less steep, bumpy, red line
What is a Variable interval?
reinforcer is delivered for the first response made after a variable period of time whose AVERAGE is predetermines
e. g. fishing
- less steep , flat, green ling
What is the ABC of behaviour modification?
A= Antecedent B= (target) Behaviour C= Consequence
What is the A in the ABC of behaviour modification?
Antecedent
(triggers)
Events that typically precede (evoke) the target behaviour(which we are trying to modify)
What is the B in the ABC of behaviour modification?
(target) Behaviour
the behaviour that you’re trying to modify
What is the C in the ABC of behaviour modification?
Consequences
Reinforcers the maintain the target behaviour
What happens if the C in the ABC of behaviour modification involves punishment?
Consequences
Punishment (unfavourable outcomes) that suppress the desirable target behaviour
Which parts of the ABC behaviour chain are variable?
A = control/change antecedents C= change consequences
What is some medical applications of operant conditioning?
behavioural therapy
Parent management training (e.g. Incredible Years, Tripple P)
Encouraging behaviour change
What are some examples of encouraging behavioural change in medical applications of operant conditioning?
Some used with health policies
Not smoking Reducing drinking Not drinking and driving Exercise programmes and healthy nutrition Adherence to treatment
What is an association of?
association between stimulus, response (behaviour) and its consequence
Overall what is classical conditioning (learning)?
Previously neutral stimulus elicits a response after being paired with UCS
Who is Pavlov?
Nobel price recipient for his research in medical physiology
stimuli - light or sound to be paired for
What are examples of classical conditioning?
jingling of bell get dogs tail wagging for walk
getting can can opener gets cat excited as associates it with food
What does “conditioned” mean?
learnt stimulus
What is an exception to acquisition?
Stimulus (such as eating food and being sick) can occur just once CS and UCS doesn’t have to be paired multiple times in this case
strong and long lasting effect
What does the difference in timing of “conditioning” result in?
difference in the time the behaviour is acquired
What is a typical condition?
delayed condition
What can classical conditioning result in?
Conditioned Emotional Response - Little albert - ethical problems -horribel noise - 7 pairings cause albert to start crying on sight on rabbit
What is an example of conditioned emotional response?
Watson and Rayner’s study with Little Albert (1919)
-this many explain acquisition of simple phobias
What may explain the acquisition of simple phobias?
Conditional emotion Response experiment by Watson and Rayner on Little Albert and making noises 7 time to pair Albert with fear associated to sight of rabbit
What is an example of Negative Reinforcement with Friday 13?
Cross road with no cat = fine
Negative reinforcer = removal of unpleasant stimulus = not run over
What does ABC behaviour modification suggest?
what causes someone’s behaviour to occur
What is an example the ABC behaviour modification in the lecture?
A = cat picture on slides - trigger to do target behaviour B = target behaviour was to get up and dance C = consequence was getting lolly, say well done - pleasant consequences - students getting reinforced
What is a modification to the example of ABC behaviour modification in the lecture?
A = different picture on slides - cool dog trigger to do target behaviour
B = target behaviour was to get up and dance -
C = consequence was tell them to sit down, feel embarrassed - unpleasant consequences - students getting reinforced
-behaviour will change
