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Health Psychology > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the WHO definition of Health?

A

A complete state of physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease and infirmity

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2
Q

According to Bauman, what are the Lay theories of health and illness?

A
  1. a general sense of wellbeing (FEELING)
  2. the absence of symptoms of disease (SYMPTOM ORIENTATION)
  3. the things that a person who is physically fit is able to do (PERFORMANCE)
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3
Q

According to Blaxter, what are the social representations of health?

A

Health is not ill - no symptoms
Health is a reserve - come from strong family
Health as behaviour - we usually apply this to others
Health as physical fitness and vitality - used by youth
Health as psychosocial wellbeing - mental well being
Health as function - ability to perform one’s duties

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4
Q

What are the changes in the leading causes of illness and mortality?

A

Decrease in infectious/communicable diseases + Decrease in respiratory diseases (possibly due to antibiotics)
Increase in non-communicable diseases (due to changes in lifestyle)

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5
Q

What are determinants of healths and their proportional contribution to premature death?

A 
40% = Behavioural Patterns
30% = Genetic Predisposition
15% = Social Circumstances
10% = Health Care
5% = Environmental Exposure
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6
Q

What does Behavioural patterns consist of?

A

smoking
diet
exercise

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7
Q

What can cause a change in behavioural patterns?

A

health promotion has a big impact on changing behavioural patterns

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8
Q

What do mortality rates by income suggest?

A

Increased mortality associated with lower income

Suggests social inequity is associated with behavioural inequity

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9
Q

What are the major causes of deaths for Male Maoris and Non Maoris?

A

Maori Males: 1. Ischaemic Heart Disease 2. Lung cancer 3. Diabetes 4. Suicide 5. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary disease
Non-Maori Males: 1. Ischaemic Heart Disease 2. Suicide 3. Lung Cancer 4. Cerebrovascular Disease 5. Colorectal Cancer

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10
Q

What are the major causes of death for Female Maoris and Non Maoris?

A

Maori Females: 1. Ischaemic Heart Disease 2. Lung cancer 3. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary disease 4. Cerebrovascular Disease 5. Diabetes
Non-Maori Females: 1. Ischaemic Heart Disease 2. Breast Cancer 3. Cerebrovascular disease 4. Lung cancer 5. Colorectal cancer

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11
Q

What are Behavioural Causes of Death?

A
  1. Smoking (largest)
  2. Obesity and inactivity (2nd largest)
  3. Alcohol
  4. Motor Vehicle
  5. Guns
  6. Sexual Behaviour
  7. Dug induced (smallest)
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12
Q

What are the benefits and disadvantages of health professions organised around a disease or medical model?

A

adv. 1. Identification and diagnosis of acute and chronic medical conditions
dis. 2. doesn’t address clinical conditions that may have multiple behavioural, social and environmental causes
(physical separate from psyche)

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13
Q

What is Psychosomatic Medicine?

A

psycho=”Mind” somatic=”body”
Mind = Conscious + Unconscious (wishes, fears, memories, emotions) + Preconscious
Body = repression (indicated in physical aspects)

Freud (1856-1939)= unconscious conflict can lead to increased physical disturbance
Cannon (1932)= emotions cause physiological changes
Dunbar (1930) & Alexander (1940s-1950s)= Psych conflicts > anxiety > ANS response > physiological disorder

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14
Q

What is ANS response?

A

CNS spurred for flight or flight response

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15
Q

What is an example of physical disorder considered in Psychosomatic Medicine?

A

Hypertension
= increase blood pressure
= due to suppressed anger

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16
Q

What is the Biopsychosocial Lifespan Model?

A

Biological + Psychological + Social + arrow showing Development Across Lifespan = overlap is Health and Wellness

17
Q

What does the Psychological Circle involve in the Biopsychosocial Lifespan Model?

A

Learning, Memory, Beliefs, Attitudes, Perception, Emotions, Thinking, Behaviour (diet, smoking)

18
Q

What does the Biological Circle involve in the Biopsychosocial Lifespan Model?

A

Genetic Variability, Pathogens, Toxins, Effects of Meds, Anatomy, Physiology, Neurochemistry, Immune response

19
Q

What does the Social Circle involve in the Biopsychosocial Lifespan Model?

A

Family, relationships, environmental, cultural traditions, medical care, social support, socio economic status

20
Q

What does the Psychological Component: Cognition involve in the Biopsychosocial Model?

A
  • Thoughts, beliefs and attitudes
  • Health Risk appraisal
  • Self-efficacy

Azjen &Fishbein (1980) = Theory of reasoned action predicts several health behaviours
1. Smoking cessation 2. Intention to undergo mammography 3. Willingness to be organ donor

21
Q

What does the Psychological Component: Behaviour involve in the Biopsychosocial Model?

A
  • Adoption(change) and maintenance of health behaviours

B.F. Skinner - Operant Conditioning
- Behaviours that are reinforcing (+ve & -ve) are more likely to be repeated
Albert Bandurra - Social Learning Theory
- Emphasised modelling (living in smoking family, increased likely hood of being a smoker yourself)
- Cognitive Processes

22
Q

What does the Psychological Component: Emotion involved in the Biopsychosocial Model?

A

Emotion= behavioural reaction

  1. Emotional regulation(shorter lasting/ more change over lifetime), mood(longer lasting), affect(vocal, facial, gestural)
  2. Emotional appraisal
  3. Emotional disclosure
23
Q

What is the Biopsychosocial Model in relation to Alcoholism?

A

Biological :
1. Genetic predisposition to drug addiction
2. Physiological effects and dependance
Social:
1. Peer groups, rugby culture
2. Family
3. Persuasive Advertising
Psychological: (shows there are multiple factors which effect health and behaviour)
1. Self reinforcing
2. Cognitive: Mental ‘escape’ from stressors
3. Learning: from parents or significant others
4. Emotional: people with high levels of negative affect
5. Self efficacy

24
Q

What is the Life Course Health and Development Model?

A

Evidence that early experiences have long term consequences for health
Health is a consequence of multiple factors operating in - Genetic - Biological -Behavioural -Social -Environmental Contexts
These factors change as a person develops from conception through adulthood - across life course
Model of development is Dynamic and Interactive
Upper arrow= social emotional & environmental
Right arrow= cognitive development
Downwards arrow= across the life course
Left arrow= physical development

25
Q

What is the Lifespan development of children born to mothers who use alcohol during pregnancy?

A

Prenatal Effects = 1. Teratogenic –> 2. A. Latent B. Immediate –> B1. Transient B2. Ongoing
Postnatal effects = 1. Caregiving Environments –> 2. A. Specific to Drug Using Lifestyle B. General Risk Factors
Protective Factors = Bottom arrow

Health Psychology (19 decks)

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