Lecture 1 Flashcards
What is the WHO definition of Health?
A complete state of physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease and infirmity
According to Bauman, what are the Lay theories of health and illness?
- a general sense of wellbeing (FEELING)
- the absence of symptoms of disease (SYMPTOM ORIENTATION)
- the things that a person who is physically fit is able to do (PERFORMANCE)
According to Blaxter, what are the social representations of health?
Health is not ill - no symptoms
Health is a reserve - come from strong family
Health as behaviour - we usually apply this to others
Health as physical fitness and vitality - used by youth
Health as psychosocial wellbeing - mental well being
Health as function - ability to perform one’s duties
What are the changes in the leading causes of illness and mortality?
Decrease in infectious/communicable diseases + Decrease in respiratory diseases (possibly due to antibiotics)
Increase in non-communicable diseases (due to changes in lifestyle)
What are determinants of healths and their proportional contribution to premature death?
40% = Behavioural Patterns 30% = Genetic Predisposition 15% = Social Circumstances 10% = Health Care 5% = Environmental Exposure
What does Behavioural patterns consist of?
smoking
diet
exercise
What can cause a change in behavioural patterns?
health promotion has a big impact on changing behavioural patterns
What do mortality rates by income suggest?
Increased mortality associated with lower income
Suggests social inequity is associated with behavioural inequity
What are the major causes of deaths for Male Maoris and Non Maoris?
Maori Males: 1. Ischaemic Heart Disease 2. Lung cancer 3. Diabetes 4. Suicide 5. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary disease
Non-Maori Males: 1. Ischaemic Heart Disease 2. Suicide 3. Lung Cancer 4. Cerebrovascular Disease 5. Colorectal Cancer
What are the major causes of death for Female Maoris and Non Maoris?
Maori Females: 1. Ischaemic Heart Disease 2. Lung cancer 3. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary disease 4. Cerebrovascular Disease 5. Diabetes
Non-Maori Females: 1. Ischaemic Heart Disease 2. Breast Cancer 3. Cerebrovascular disease 4. Lung cancer 5. Colorectal cancer
What are Behavioural Causes of Death?
- Smoking (largest)
- Obesity and inactivity (2nd largest)
- Alcohol
- Motor Vehicle
- Guns
- Sexual Behaviour
- Dug induced (smallest)
What are the benefits and disadvantages of health professions organised around a disease or medical model?
adv. 1. Identification and diagnosis of acute and chronic medical conditions
dis. 2. doesn’t address clinical conditions that may have multiple behavioural, social and environmental causes
(physical separate from psyche)
What is Psychosomatic Medicine?
psycho=”Mind” somatic=”body”
Mind = Conscious + Unconscious (wishes, fears, memories, emotions) + Preconscious
Body = repression (indicated in physical aspects)
Freud (1856-1939)= unconscious conflict can lead to increased physical disturbance
Cannon (1932)= emotions cause physiological changes
Dunbar (1930) & Alexander (1940s-1950s)= Psych conflicts > anxiety > ANS response > physiological disorder
What is ANS response?
CNS spurred for flight or flight response
What is an example of physical disorder considered in Psychosomatic Medicine?
Hypertension
= increase blood pressure
= due to suppressed anger
What is the Biopsychosocial Lifespan Model?
Biological + Psychological + Social + arrow showing Development Across Lifespan = overlap is Health and Wellness
What does the Psychological Circle involve in the Biopsychosocial Lifespan Model?
Learning, Memory, Beliefs, Attitudes, Perception, Emotions, Thinking, Behaviour (diet, smoking)
What does the Biological Circle involve in the Biopsychosocial Lifespan Model?
Genetic Variability, Pathogens, Toxins, Effects of Meds, Anatomy, Physiology, Neurochemistry, Immune response
What does the Social Circle involve in the Biopsychosocial Lifespan Model?
Family, relationships, environmental, cultural traditions, medical care, social support, socio economic status
What does the Psychological Component: Cognition involve in the Biopsychosocial Model?
- Thoughts, beliefs and attitudes
- Health Risk appraisal
- Self-efficacy
Azjen &Fishbein (1980) = Theory of reasoned action predicts several health behaviours
1. Smoking cessation 2. Intention to undergo mammography 3. Willingness to be organ donor
What does the Psychological Component: Behaviour involve in the Biopsychosocial Model?
- Adoption(change) and maintenance of health behaviours
B.F. Skinner - Operant Conditioning
- Behaviours that are reinforcing (+ve & -ve) are more likely to be repeated
Albert Bandurra - Social Learning Theory
- Emphasised modelling (living in smoking family, increased likely hood of being a smoker yourself)
- Cognitive Processes
What does the Psychological Component: Emotion involved in the Biopsychosocial Model?
Emotion= behavioural reaction
- Emotional regulation(shorter lasting/ more change over lifetime), mood(longer lasting), affect(vocal, facial, gestural)
- Emotional appraisal
- Emotional disclosure
What is the Biopsychosocial Model in relation to Alcoholism?
Biological :
1. Genetic predisposition to drug addiction
2. Physiological effects and dependance
Social:
1. Peer groups, rugby culture
2. Family
3. Persuasive Advertising
Psychological: (shows there are multiple factors which effect health and behaviour)
1. Self reinforcing
2. Cognitive: Mental ‘escape’ from stressors
3. Learning: from parents or significant others
4. Emotional: people with high levels of negative affect
5. Self efficacy
What is the Life Course Health and Development Model?
Evidence that early experiences have long term consequences for health
Health is a consequence of multiple factors operating in - Genetic - Biological -Behavioural -Social -Environmental Contexts
These factors change as a person develops from conception through adulthood - across life course
Model of development is Dynamic and Interactive
Upper arrow= social emotional & environmental
Right arrow= cognitive development
Downwards arrow= across the life course
Left arrow= physical development
What is the Lifespan development of children born to mothers who use alcohol during pregnancy?
Prenatal Effects = 1. Teratogenic –> 2. A. Latent B. Immediate –> B1. Transient B2. Ongoing
Postnatal effects = 1. Caregiving Environments –> 2. A. Specific to Drug Using Lifestyle B. General Risk Factors
Protective Factors = Bottom arrow
