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Lecture 12 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the three memory systems?

A

(Sensory input) 1. Sensory memory (out information loss) —transfer + rehearsal –> 2. Short term memory (out forgetting) —-transfer–>

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2
Q

What is infantile amnesia?

A

The lack of explicit memory for events before the age of 3 years

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3
Q

What can infants remember?

A

Some Implicit (without conscious awareness or attention) memory from birth

  1. Relationship between movement and consequences (hold a bottle so can get milk out)
  2. Rely on nonverbal memory techniques (visual images, motor actions- Sensory Motor Stage of Piaget’s model-excellent at discriminating faces(survival advantage)) (haven’t developed language yet) -therefore prevents long term retention as unable to use words to encode memory or experience
  3. Retention greater and faster response with increased training (faster responses with increased exposure), repeated exposure to stimuli
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4
Q

What is the research application of the Mobile conjugate reinforcement task about?

A

Cant ask with words as infants are non verbal
Procedural and long-term memory task-link between movement and consequences
Operant conditioning paradigm -learning and conditioning
Infants without precise control
1. Baseline measure - # foot kicks (not connected)-not yet connected to mobile
2. Acquisition (connected) -Rapid increase in kicks -connected to mobile string -operant conditioning
-Baby learns kicking move mobile
3. Retention (not connected, but try to move mobile nevertheless)
-Recognition
-Quicker response after delay-only need a brief prompt
-Environment- if testing area is same as where memory was encoded, see better retention (coding specificity) enhances retrieval of memory)

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5
Q

What were the three sections of the Mobile conjugation reinforcement task?

A
  1. Baseline measures
  2. Acquisition
  3. Retention
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6
Q

What is the memory like during infancy (0-3 years)?

A

Recognition (develops first) better than recall at this age- survival advantage (recognise caregiver, the one who is looking after you) - social and emotional development
Recall displayed by first year(familiar faces) -object permanence:helps with recall
Improves with ages
Context important for remembering
Neurobiological change and social interaction (lets to improvement in memory)
-Neural connections in multiple regions cerebral cortex (prefrontal) developing rapidly
-Foster self-awareness , language, improved memory
-Signals Decline in infantile amnesia

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7
Q

What are the three aspects of Neurobiological change and social interaction in the memory of infants (0-3yrs)?

A
  1. Neural connections in cerebral cortex (prefrontal) developing rapidly
  2. Foster self-awareness, language, improved memory
  3. Decline in infantile amnesia
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8
Q

What is the memory like during early childhood (3-6yrs)?

A

Able to report or describe memories or follow instructions *Influences on children’s episodic (every day events and context interactions) memory:

  • semantic general knowledge not so good
    1. Remembering things they did better than things they saw
    2. Drawing helps children’s memory-additional memory code
    3. How parents talk during shared experience
  • Significant improvement due to advances in:
  • Inhibit impulses and keep mind on competing goals
    1. Attention
    2. Speed and efficiency of information processing improve
    3. Language development
  • Recognition > recall
    1. Recognition still better than recall
  • now can remember about 4 items
    2. Both recognition and recall improve with age -strongly linked with language development
  • Implicit develops first
  • Can produce behavioural change without conscious awareness e.g. how to throw a ball
  • Explicit memory continues to improve
  • Memories people know they have
  • facts, names and deliberate attempt to rmemeber
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9
Q

What are the 5 key points regarding a child’s Memory in early childhood (3-6 years)?

A
  1. Influences on children’s episodic memory
  2. Significant improvement due to advances
  3. Recognition and recall
  4. Implicit memory develops first
  5. Explicit memory continues to improve
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10
Q

What are the 3 features of the influences on children’s episodic memory during early childhood memory (3-6yrs)?

A
  1. Remember things they Did > better than things they Saw
  2. Drawing helps children’s memory
  3. How parents talk during shared experience
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11
Q

What are the 3 advancements which leads to significant improvement of memory during early childhood memory (3-6yrs)?

A

Significant improvement due to advances in:

  1. Attention
  2. Speed and efficiency of information processing
  3. Language development
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12
Q

What are the 2 features of Recognition and Recall during early childhood memory (3-6yrs)?

A
  1. Recognition still better than recall

2. Both recognition and recall improve with age

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13
Q

What are features of implicit memory during early childhood memory (3-6yrs)?

A

Implicit memory develops First

  • Can produce behavioural change without conscious awareness
  • e.g. how to throw a ball
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14
Q

What is implicit memory?

A

Can produce behavioural change without conscious awareness

e.g. how to throw a ball

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15
Q

What are features of explicit memory during early childhood memory (3-6yrs)?

A

Explicit memory continues to improve

  • Memories people know they have
    e. g. Facts, names and events
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16
Q

What is Explicit memory?

A

Memories people know they have

e.g. Facts, names and events

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17
Q

What is the memory like during middle childhood (6-10 years)?

A

8-9 can see individual differences, therefore know there are differences among people in a population
Gradual increase in understanding of memory
1. Can learn and use mnemonics(use increases with age, using familiar info to enhance coding)
2. Learn to use external aids (leaving book by door so don’t forget in morning)
3. Rehearsal (repeating info to hold in working memory for longer)
4. Organisation (grouping by common property-animal, foods, clothing)
5. Elaboration (relationship/shared memory between two items which are not in the same category)(later in childhood manage to do this themselves)

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18
Q

What are the 5 things which lead to a gradual increase in the understanding of memory during middle childhood (6-10 years)?

A
  1. Can learn and use mnemonics
  2. Learn to use eternal aids
  3. Rehearsal
  4. Organisation
  5. Elaboration
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19
Q

What are the 5 main features of Emotional trauma and memory?

A
  1. complex association
  2. Recovered memories-repressed memories-motivated forgetting
  3. Reporting abuse in childhood
  4. Impartial/non-suggestive interviewing is key
  5. Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
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20
Q

What is the “Recovered memories” feature of trauma and injury involve?

A

Recovered memories:

  • hard to establish validity but not to say aren’t true (corroboration) (amnesia of trauma)
  • repressed memories unconsciously blocked-coping mechanism
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21
Q

What is the “Reporting abuse in childhood” feature of trauma and injury involve?

A

Reporting abuse in childhood:(corroboration)

  • only those involved in abuse are present
  • evidence shows some memories can be implanted or distorted through suggestive interviewing or persuasive suggestions-observer or experimenter bias-influence patient’s response or interviewers interpretation
  • Usually in private so no witnesses
  • But likely that under-reported
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22
Q

What is the “Impartial/Non-suggestive interviewing is key” feature of trauma and injury involve?

A

Impartial/non-suggestive interviewing is key
- Relevant for clinical setting
- Okay to not know answer
- No leading questions, no praise upon admitting
- Unbiased, open-ended questions
-relevant in clinical testing-even when asking symptoms
-
-impact on childhood eye-witness testimony - suggestibility of children when exposed to high pressure questioning- false info or memory when questioned by suggestive interviwer -trying to please adult

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23
Q

What is the “Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)” feature of trauma and injury involve?

A

PTSD:
-enduring psychological experience
- Impact on the affected individual’s unconscious retrieval of traumatic, emotion laden memories
-effect sleep patterns. how they’re feeling
- Flashbacks, nightmares, emotional numbness,feeling alienated
- Elevated arousal, anxiety, guilt
shows relationship between emotional experiences and how they’re played out in memory, and impact in day to day life and well-being

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24
Q

What are the 2 developmental patterns/changes in memory and information processing across adulthood?

A
  1. Crystallised intelligence

2. Fluid intelligence

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25
Q

What is “Crystallised Intelligence” changes in memory and information processing across adulthood?

A

Crystallised intelligence:

  1. Skills that depend on accumulate knowledge, experience
  2. Judgement & social skills
  3. Declarative & procedural memories
26
Q

What is “Fluid Intelligence” changes in memory and information processing across adulthood?

A

Fluid intelligence:

  1. Depends on information processing skills
  2. Speed of analysing information
  3. Working memory capacity
27
Q

What is the memory like during adulthood (20s-60s)?

A

Information in working memory diminishes
Use of memory strategies declines-rehearsal, elaboration, organisation
More difficulty retrieving info from LTM
Irrelevant stimuli take up space in working memory-less cpaacity for task at hand
COMPENSATION -allowing more time for processing

28
Q

What is Compensation in regards to memory?

A

Allowing more time for processing

-more shown in pressured situations

29
Q

What are the 3 features of Attention and memory during adulthood?

A
  1. sustaining two complex tasks becomes harder
  2. focusing on relevant info comes more difficult -as harder to filter out irrelevant stimuli
  3. ability to combine pieces of visual info into a pattern declines with age-tasks to measure are rather uncommon tasks (validity)
30
Q

What are the three main features of memory in adulthood?

A
  1. Memory skills used daily decline less
  2. General, procedural and occupational knowledge unchanged or increase
  3. Great increase in cognitive competence in midlife - apply vast knowledge and life experience to problem solving and daily life
31
Q

What are the 4 main features of memory in late adulthood (65+ years)?

A

Continual decline from adulthood

  1. DECLARATIVE memory
  2. Episodic LTM
  3. Semantic LTM
  4. Procedural LTM
32
Q

What is the “Episodic LTM” features of memory in late adulthood (65+ YEARS)?

A

Kind of LTM MOST LIKELY to deteriorate with age
“did i lock the car”
-less taken in about context

33
Q

What is the “Semantic LTM” features of memory in late adulthood (65+ YEARS)?

A

Historical facts, social customs, meanings of words
Implicit recall of well learned and familiar info
Does NOT decline: older sometimes better!
Fluid intelligence- last longer-culturally based knowledge
Great individual variation MOST at older age -than at any time in life span
-don’t make assumptions based on age

34
Q

What is the “Procedural LTM” features of memory in late adulthood (65+ YEARS)?

A

Motor skills, habits
Implicit recall of ways of doing things requiring no conscious effort to retrieve -automatic implicit recall
-strategic retrieval declines rather than how to do things
Very little decline with age

35
Q

What are the two hypothesises behind why memory declines in late adulthood?

A
  1. Memory system hypothesis

2. Biological hypothesis

36
Q

What are the 4 features of the “Memory system Hypothesis” behind why memory declines in late adulthood?

A
  1. Less efficient at encoding
  2. storage problems (decay)
  3. retrieval
  4. familiarity of material- effects minimised
37
Q

What are the 3 features of the “Biological Hypothesis” behind why memory declines in late adulthood?

A
  1. decline in neuron density of frontal cortex and hippocampus (shown in alzheimer’s when there is an extensive neuron loss)
  2. Vulnerable to injury as blood pressure rises (CVD and STROKE risk as well)
  3. Extensive loss of nerve cells in hippocampus early sign of Alzheimer’s disease
38
Q

What is the relationship between Aging and dementia?

A
  1. Dementia is NOT an inevitable part of again process -does occur almost exclusive in older ages
    - 13% over 65, but risk increases (65-69 3% affected by dementia) (90 50% affected by dementia)
  2. Dementia is a set of progressive disorders market by global disturbances of higher mental functions
  3. Half of dementia cases are related to Alzheimer’s disease (AD)
    - AD associated with brain damage and loss of neurons critical for memory
39
Q

What are 7 features an exemplary Mini-mental state exam?

A

Used to screen for alzheimers and in wider clinical context- brain injuries, cognitive impairment, cognitive change after surgery

  1. Commonly used cognitive screen -Brief 30 item questionnaire
  2. Used in dementia, suspected cognitive impairment, cognitive change following treatment
  3. Orientation to time (e.g. what month is it?)
  4. Orientation to place (e.g. what city are we in?)
  5. Attention, calculation, recall
  6. Language and repetition(phrase, no ifs, ands or buts)
  7. Complex commands (e.g. copy design of overlapping pentagons)
40
Q

For what 3 state is a mini-mental state exam used?

A 
Used in a Wider clinical context
1. Dementia
2. Suspects cognitive impairment
3. Cognitive change following treatment
Used to screen for alzheimers and in wider clinical context- brain injuries, cognitive impairment, cognitive change after surgery
41
Q

What are the 6 features of the symptoms and course of Alzheimers?

A
  1. Severe memory problems-recent memory impaired first (places name appts travel routes)
  2. Faulty judgement (insist can still drive even though isn’t safe)
  3. Personality changes (loss of spontanaeity, anxiety, angry outburst, reduced initiative ad social withdrawl common)
  4. depression (early on, part of disease process, growing sense of uncertainity, loss of control)
  5. deterioration of skilled and purposeful movements (need help with daily activity)
    - sleep also disrupted
  6. Course of disease varies (according to patients sex and their disease onset)- average is 8-10 years
  7. psychological problems relate to depersonalisation- labelling, stigmatisation, disempowerments, fantalisation- important when treating and how to treat patients
42
Q

What is the average course of Alzheimers disease?

A

8-10 years

43
Q

What are the 4 features of Brain deterioration during Alzheimers?

A

large reduction in activity and blood flow

  1. Neuron death- shrinkage in brain volume
  2. Inside neurons (neurofibrillary tangles appear)-bundles of twisted threat-products of collapsed neural structures
  3. Outside neurons (plaques)-dense deposits containing amaloid, reduced immunity and destroy surrounding cells
  4. Chemical changes (decline in ACh -effect memory, perception,reasoning and judgement-higher cognitive functions) and Serotonin (50-75% decline) -effects sleep due to role of arousal
44
Q

What are features of the “Inside neurons’” brain deterioration during Alzheimers?

A

Neurofibrillary tangles appear

45
Q

What are features of the “Outside neurons’” brain deterioration during Alzheimers?

A

Plaques

46
Q

What are features of the “Chemical changes’” brain deterioration during Alzheimers?

A

ACh

Serotinin

47
Q

What are the 2 types of Alzheimers disease?

A
  1. Sporadic AD
    - No obvious family history(after ages of 65)
    - but, heredity may play role through somatic mutation (e.g. abnormal gene in chromosome 19)
  2. Familial AD
    - Early onset, more rapid progress
    - Linked to genes on chromosomes 1, 14 and 21
48
Q

What is the 2 main features of the Sporadic AD type of Alzheimers Disease?

A
  1. No obvious family history

2. but, heredity may play a role through somatic mutation (e.g. abnormal gene on chromosome 19)

49
Q

What is the 2 main features of the Familial AD type of Alzheimers Disease?

A
  1. Early onset, more pid progress

2. Linked to gene on chromosomes 1, 14 and 21

50
Q

What are the 5 risk and protective factors of Alzheimer’s disease?

A
  1. 50% of cases have no family history or genetic marker
  2. Lifestyle risks - numerous possible aetiologies/multifactorial causes being explored
    - smoking, physical inactivity, chronic stress, obesity, toxic substances, moderate too severe head injuries, viruses, defects in blood brain barrier, dietary deficiencies
  3. HRT (hormone replacement therapy) and anti-inflammatory drugs (aspirin) may be protective
  4. Years of education leads to more synaptic connections (protective-act as cognitive reserve again neuron death and brain injury)
    - early diagnosis and treatment seems to minimise injury
  5. Physical activity in mid/late life protective
    - -can be applied to biopsychosocial model
51
Q

What are the 7 main features of Cerebrovascular dementia?

A
  1. series of Stokes leave dead brain cells (-degeneration of mental ability, inflicting memory. -Cerebrovascular dementia)- second tier effect
  2. Result of INdirect genetic and environmental factors - increase risk of stroke (-high blood pressure, CVD and diabetes) (-e.g. smoking, alcohol, salt (dietary deficiencies) and stress)
  3. Men more at risk due to risk for CVD (cardiovascular disease) (woman over 65 are at high risk too)- impacts on risk for stroke
  4. Prevention important -Healthy lifestyle, managing high blood pressure
  5. Signs of stroke (early picked up or treated early)
  6. Medications reduce tendency for blood to clot
  7. Stroke effects many functions, including memory (paralysis, loss of speech etc)
52
Q

What does the “Strokes leave dead brain cells” feature of Cerebrovascular Dementia involve?

A
  1. degeneration of mental ability, including memory

2. cerebrovascular dementia

53
Q

What does the “Results of genetic and environmental factors” feature of Cerebrovascular Dementia involve?

A

Result of INDIRECT genetic and environmental facts - Increase risk of Stroke

  • High blood pressure, CVD (cardiovascular disease), diabetes
    e. g. smoking, alcohol, salt, stress
54
Q

What are more at risk of CVD Cardio Vascular Disease?

A

Men are more at risk for CVD

-this impacts on (increases) their risk for stroke

55
Q

What does the “Importance of prevention” features of Cerebrovascular Dementia involve?

A

Prevention is important

  1. Healthy lifestyle
  2. Managing high blood pressure
56
Q

What does the “4 signs of a Stroke” features of Cerebrovascular Dementia involve?

A
  1. Weakness, numbness in arm, leg or face
  2. Sudden vision loss or double vision
  3. Speech difficult & severe dizziness, imbalance
  4. Importnat to pick up signs early and treat swiftly
57
Q

What are the 8 points which highlight the importance of Memory in health care setting?

A

important indicator for disorders or conditions

  1. Particularly in treatment for children and older people
  2. Impact on stressful settings, busy lives on memory (repressed memories, PTSD, amnesia and brain injuries)
  3. Poor memory could be a sign of symptom of:
    - a. Emotional or physical trauma
    - b. simple medical condition
    - c. Neurological impairment (dementia)
    - underlying condition treated memory will improve
    - need to treat children suitably
  4. Does information disrupt existing beliefs?
  5. Fitting new information into existing schemes (assimilation)-enduring knowledge structures used to make sense of the world
    - check patient’s understanding and build on current knowledge
    - don’t bombard with new information as it wont be taken in
    - older wont nescessarily be worse than younger, some middle age worse due to stressful lifestyle
  6. Adapting/creating scheme to account for new info (accommodation)
  7. Check understanding, building what already know
  8. Bombarding with info that can’t take in = pointless
58
Q

What are the 3 symptoms that poor memory can be a sign of when considering the importance of memory in the health care setting?

A

Poor memory could be a sign or symptom of:

  1. Emotional or physical trauma
  2. Simple medical condition
  3. Neurological impairment (dementia)
59
Q

What is dementia an example of in simple terms?

A

Neurological impairment

60
Q

What is Assimilation when considering the importance of memory in a health care setting?

A

Fitting new information (info) into existing schemes

enduring knowledge structures used to make sense of the world

61
Q

What is Accommodation when considering the importance of memory in a health care setting?

A

Adapting/creating schemes account for new information (info)

62
Q

What is in relation to the Sensory Motor Stage of Piaget’s model?

A

Visual images and motor actions

-reliance of infants on verbal memory techniques

Health Psychology (19 decks)

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