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Health Psychology > Lecture 5 > Flashcards

Lecture 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Sensation?

A

The stimulation of a sensory receptor that gives rise to Neural impulses resulting in an experience or awareness of conditions inside or outside the body
External forces–>brain

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2
Q

What is perception?

A

The process of organisation of the sensory image, and the interpretation that it has been produced by the 3D world
taking experience’s information –> enabling response

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3
Q

What are examples of Perception?

A

Sense, Understanding, Identify, Label and Prepare to Respond

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4
Q

What are the 5 main senses?

A 
Sight/vision- most complex and stimulating
Hearing/auditory processes
Smell/Olfaction
Taste/gustation
Touch/cutaneous
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5
Q

What is the Stimuli for the main sense of Sight/Vision?

A

Light stimulus via our eye
Most complex and highly developed sense
Be aware of and respond to the environment
Complementary to Hearing/auditory

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6
Q

What is the Stimuli for the main sense of Hearing/Auditory processes?

A

Vibrating air molecules/sound via our ears
2nd most Highly developed
Be aware of and respond to the environment
Complementary to Sight/Vision

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7
Q

What is the Stimuli for the main sense of Smell/Olfaction?

A

Odourant molecules in air mostly via our nose

Evocative(taps into memory) and Physical affects (nauseous when food is off, survival technique)

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8
Q

What is the Stimuli for the main sense of Taste/Gustation?

A

Flavouring of food and other molecules mostly via tongue
sweet, sour, bitter, saline, umami
(decreased taste with blocked nose)

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9
Q

What is the Stimuli for the main sense of Tough/Cutaneous?

A

Presssure, warmth cold via skin

nerve endings

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10
Q

What are other sense outside of the main 5?

A

Vestibular sense
Kinaesthetic sense
Pain

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11
Q

What is the Stimuli for Vestibular sense?

A

Balance, spatial orientation

How one’s body is orientated with respect to gravity

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12
Q

What is the Stimuli for Kinaesthetic sense?

A

Body position and movement of body parts relative to one another
Strength employed in movement

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13
Q

What is the stimuli for the Pain sense?

A

Body response to harmful stimuli
Intense enough to cause/ or threaten damage to tissue
Critical for survival

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14
Q

What are our Sensory Capacities at birth?

A

Taste, smell and touch
Hearing
Vision

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15
Q

What are our Sensory Capacities of Taste, Smell and Touch at birth?

A

Our senses are present at birth
Survival - attracted to smell and taste of mother’s milk
Touch central to the development of relationships - infants and parents
Provide comfort and warmth
Rooting Reflex- turn check towards fingers when rubbing on check and make sucking movement in anticipation of the mothers breast = attracted to odour and taste of milk
These senses are key to survival, hence why they start to develop first

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16
Q

What are our Sensory Capacities of Hearing at birth?

A

Babies hear well before birth
Preference for mother’s voice to unfamiliar woman - evolutionary advantage to recognise who will be providing your comfort and food for survival
Preference for complex sounds - voices and noises v.s. pure tone
Newborns can discriminate sounds - loudness, duration, direction and pitch (will turn its head in the direction of a sound from just a few days old)
Over first year organise sounds into more complex patterns -particularly human speech v.s. non-speech sounds, -can detect changes in tempo (2-4 months), Can Lose sensitivity to sounds not in native language (screens it out) - makes it harder to learn non-native language as you grow older

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17
Q

What are our Sensory Capacities of Vision at birth?

A

Least developed sense at birth, but becomes the one you rely on the most and most complex sense
Limited Focus
Poor Acuity (20 cm) - retinas ability to focus
Difficulty discriminating colour - less intense
Rapid is development - by 2 months Focus as well as an adult. - by 11 months Acuity near-adult level

18
Q

What is the Neonatal Neurobehavioral Scale?

A

IDEAL methamphetamine (parental exposure) study
Evaluates early sensory development
Baby eye tracking at 24 hours old, detect brightly coloured ball, detects change in brightness, make a noise and see if they turn their head
Development in comparison to normal population

19
Q

What does the Early vision of babies consist of?

A

Prefer Faces overall
Pattern perception :Contrast sensitivities - Prefer Contour, Contrast and Movement
Prefer complex over simple patterns as get older

20
Q

What does the Pattern and Facial Perception of babies consist of?

A

Perception of faces is not innate (even though thy prefer)
1month –> 3 month development
Perception of face supports infants earliest social relationships - recognise and respond (especially on parents faces)

21
Q

What is a 1 month old baby’s Pattern and Face Perception like?

A

Infants can scan separate parts of the human face

Rely on high contrast outer Features

22
Q

What is a 2 month old baby’s Patterns and Face perception like?

A

Can begin to integrate characteristics of the human face

Prefer Mother’s face to strangers

23
Q

What is a 3 month old baby’s Pattern and Face perception like?

A

By 3 months, can discriminate between photos of 2 similar strangers

24
Q

What is the Visual Cliff experiment?

A

Depth Perception
Motion first depth cue (developed by 3-4 weeks)
Binocular depth cues (developed by 2-3 months)- blends images from 2x eyes
Pictorial depth cues (developed by 4-5 months)
Independent movement enhances ability - experience + biological
Plexiglas covers deep and shallow sides. By refusing to cross the deep side and showing preference for the shallow side, infant demonstrates ability to perceive depth

25
Q

Do babies feel pain?

A

Yes
CNS immaturity - may feel pain more intensely
- measured by changes in HR, stressed high pitched crying, muscle tension, brain activity during painful procedures
Risks of pain medication - anaesthetic avoided in painful procedures due to risk of administration
Pain relief from : Breast milk, sugar solution, comfort from holding (by mother and father- touch releases endorphins(natural pain killer))

26
Q

What happens to our human Vision as we age?

A

Harder to focus on nearby objects (presbyopia), see in dim light and perceive colour -increases in sensory threshold- have to wear glasses
Cornea is more translucent and scatters light - blurred vision and increased sensitivity to glare
Lens contines to yellow - impairs colour discrimination - by 70, 9/10 people will need corrective lenses to see properly
From middle to old age Cataracts increase - results in foggy vision and results in blurred vision and can lead to blindness - can be treated successfully

27
Q

What are Vision difficulties human’s experience?

A

Impaired eyesight due to a reduction in light reaching the retina - yellowing of lense, shrinking of the pupil, clouding of the vitreous (may still be able to read smaller print but need brighter light to do so)
Visual acuity worsens, with a sharp drop after the age of 70
Main cause of macular degeneration, Dark adaptation is harder (dark –> light change), due to hardening of blood vessels in centre of the retina decreases blood flow
Extensive vision loss can impact Leisure Pursuits and can be isolating
Can impact on older people’s self-confidence - e.g. driving confidence

28
Q

What happens to our hearing as we age?

A

Declines Rapidly = Presbycusis - age related hearing loss
due to decrease in blood supply and cell death in ear, stiffening of membranes, degeneration of neural pathway
Greater than visual impairments
More Men affected than women
Decrements greatest at high frequencies
Detection of soft sounds diminishes at all frequencies
Responsiveness to startling noise lessens
More common than visual impairments

29
Q

What are Hearing difficulties human’s experience?

A

Impacts self-care less than visual impairment
Still affects safety and enjoyment of life
- don’t hearing warning e.g.”watch out for that car”
compensated through hearing aids and ability to not hear background noise
Use facial expressions, gestures or lip movements to make up for deficits
- decline in speech perception has the greatest impact of life satisfaction
ability to detect content and emotion declines - impact enjoyment and quality of life

30
Q

What happens to our taste and smell as we age?

A

After 60 - reduced sensitivity to four tastes - sweet, salty, sour and bitter - cause=Environment (not biological/taste bud sensitivity) - smoking, dentures, medication, pollution
Decreased ability to identify foods by taste
The decrease in smell receptors after 60, contributes to the decline in Sensitivity to odours such as floral, musky, fruity, or sweet
Decline in enjoyment of food - increased likelihood of deficiency, diet, lead to malnutrition
Safety - harder to detect food that’s “off”, smoke, fumes - implication on health

31
Q

What happens to our touch as we age?

A

Crucial for certain adults, such as the severely visually impaired
-sharp decline in the sensitivity on hands- fingertips particularly
-after 70 all adults affected - sluggish blood circulation in our extremities
also become less sensitive to temperature and mild/not severe pain

32
Q

Which tastes do you have reduced sensitivity to after the age of 60?

A

sweet
salty
sour
bitter

33
Q

What are the odours of which you have decreased sensitivity to after the age of 60?

A

floral
musky
fruity
sweet

34
Q

What happens if there is an impairment of our Vestibular and Kinaesthetic senses?

A

Incredibly difficult to co-ordinate movement normally

Perception problems

35
Q

What is the development of babies like when applied to the Biopsychosocial Lifespan model?

A

Perception = Psychological part
Sensation = Biological part
There is a big overlap
A lot of developmental changes that go along with these process
Capabilities change = ability to organise our perceptual capacity
Changes as we respond to the environment and perceive things in a different way - due to differences in knowledge

36
Q

What is the basic sequence of cognitive development in relations to Neural connections?

A
  1. Sensory Pathways (Vision, Hearing) - 4 months
  2. Language - 9 months
  3. Higher Capacity Function - 1-3 years
37
Q

What are the four ways which Newborns can discriminate sounds?

A

Loudness
Duration
Direction
Pitch

38
Q

What happens to our sensation and perception as we age?

A

Decline in early adulthood
More noticeable at 40’s
Typical decline by 65
Gradual and minor decrease in normal
Behavioural compensations to loss of sensory sensitivity
Sensory Threshold increases with age - Pain, Light - point at which a stimulus can be detected

39
Q

What is Presbycusis?

A

Age related hearing loss

40
Q

What is Presbyopia?

A

Harder to focus on nearby objects
see in dim light and perceive colour
due to increased sensory threshold

Health Psychology (19 decks)

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