Lecture 9

Question 1

Mechanisms of speech errors

Answer 1

-Substitution
-Blend
-addition
-deletion
-anticipation
-preservation
-exchange if units

Question 2

Semantic substitution errors

Answer 2

Cat for dog, chair for chairs

Question 3

Sound exchanges

Answer 3

Fig beet for big feet
-most occur within phrase
-involve single pair of phenomes

Question 4

Speech errors

Answer 4

-can be categorized on the basis of the linguistic units involved in error
-phonetic feature, phoneme, syllable, morpheme, word, sentence, etc.

Question 5

Competence vs performance

Answer 5

Competence
-internalizing linguistic knowledge
Performance
-how individuals use that knowledge

Question 6

Deep structure

Answer 6

Meaning of a sentence

Question 7

Surface structure

Answer 7

Order of the words
-when we understand a sentence, we transform a surface structure into deep structure
-when we produce a sentence, we construct surface structure from a deep structure

Question 8

Innateness hypothesis

Answer 8

All humans are born with an innate capacity for language
-this capacity shapes the rules for correct grammar in language

Question 9

Poverty of the stimulus argument

Answer 9

-linguistic environment to which a child is exposed to is too deficient to enable the child to acquire language on that basis alone
—children do not make use of corrective feedback on their grammar
—adult input can be parsed with an accuracy level parallel to that of corpora

Question 10

Language acquisition device

Answer 10

-device contains principles of universal grammar that apply to any natural language
—the reason children learn language really quickly

Question 11

Evan’s &levinson (2009)

Answer 11

Language universals are essential to universal grammar
-ver few consistent patterns across worlds ~8000 languages
—languages vary radically in syntax and meaning

Question 12

Language as a complex adaptive system

Answer 12

-language is fundamentally social
—people interacting with each other
-adaptive
1. Speakers behavior based on past interactions
2. Past and current interactions lead to future behaviors
3. Speakers behavior based on other factors too
—ex. Social motivations, context, etc.

Question 13

Usage based grammar

Answer 13

Organization of language based on experience with language

Question 14

2 general functions of language acquisition

Answer 14

1. Intention reading
   -discern goals of intentions of mature speakers
2. Pattern finding
   -abstract across individual utterance to create abstract linguistic schemas

Question 15

Lateralization of speech and language

Answer 15

Speech and language functions take part primarily in left hemisphere
-right is important for pragmatics

Question 16

Brocas area

Answer 16

-Speech production
-syntax and grammar
-verbal working memory

Question 17

Wernickes area

Answer 17

-comprehension of written and spoken language

Question 18

Seculars fasciculus

Answer 18

White matter tract connecting brocas and wernickes areas
-damage to these areas alone are not enough to cause the aphasic syndrome

Question 19

Aphasia

Answer 19

Difficulty with comprehension and production of language
- caused by brain injury, stroke, or neurodegenerative diseases
-symptom depend on location of brain damage

Question 20

Brocas aphasia

Answer 20

Difficulty with expressive language
-difficulty with fluency and repetition
-comprehension is a strength
-telegraphic speech
Typical lesion
- anterior to central fissure
-centered behind strip responsible for control of face

Question 21

Wernickes area

Answer 21

-damage to posterior part of superior gyrus (temporal lobe)
-difficulty with receptive language
-impaired repition and comprehension
—may not be able to follow simple commands
-fluency is strength
—no hesitation
—but what they say makes no sense

Question 22

Paraphasis

Answer 22

Making errors in producing specific words

Question 23

Semantic paraphasia

Answer 23

-substitute a word with similar meaning to the intended word
—barn for house

Question 24

Phonemic paraphasia

Answer 24

-substitute a word with similar sound to intended word
—table becomes trable

Question 25

Neologisms

Answer 25

-made-up words that follow the rules for combining sounds, yet aren’t real words
—“glump”

Question 26

Circumlocution

Answer 26

Behavior of talking around missing words

Question 27

Conduction aphasia

Answer 27

-damage to arcuate fascilulus
-difficulty with repetition
—fluency and comprehension are strength

Question 28

Language vs speech

Answer 28

Not interchangeable
-language is the message and its form
—phonology, words, sentences
-speech is the acoustics of language
—how we move body structures, qualities of sound, planning/programming

Question 29

In order to produce speech, we must. . .

Answer 29

1. Select language we want to verbally produce
2. Identify the right sensorimotor skills needed for sound production
3. Physically move muscles to produce these sounds

Question 30

The big 5 model

Answer 30

1. How open/imaginative you are
2. How conscientious/self-disciplined you are
3. How extroverted/outgoing you are
4. How agreeable/trusting/helpful you are
5. How neurotic/emotional you are
   -these traits are considered universal, but different cultural values emphasize different traits

Question 31

Ramirez-Esparza et al

Answer 31

-American who speak only English vs Mexican who speak only Spanish
—American tend to be more conscientious, extroverted, and agreeable
-Spanish English biliniguals from Texas
—test in English
——scores of American monolinguals
—test in Spanish
——scores of Mexican monolinguals
->bilinguals personalities changes depending on language they were tested in

Question 32

Link of language and culture

Answer 32

-when a person speaks particular language, the norms and stereotypes of that culture are brought to mind

Question 33

Written language

Answer 33

-we all learn to speak our native language,
—wasn’t until modern times people learned to read and write
-while evolutionary pressure for development of spoken language likely, not enough time has passed for this to be the case for written language
—it takes many years to turn brain into reading machine
——likely to evolve from a core set of other evolved abilities

Question 34

Diversity of written language

Answer 34

We use Roman alphabet
-Latin has about 2 dozen phonemes, while English has over 40

Question 35

Orthography

Answer 35

The set of rules for writing the words of a language

Question 36

Shallow orthography

Answer 36

Spelling and pronunciation are closely matched
-Korean, German, Spanish

Question 37

Deep orthography

Answer 37

Spelling and pronunciation are poorly matched
-English, French, chinese