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Intro To Cog > Lecture 3 > Flashcards

Lecture 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Perception

A

Organisation, identification and interpretation of sensory information
-how we interpret info affects how we interact with the world

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2
Q

Bottom up pathway

A

Perceptions are built from sensory input
-feed forward
-Receives info from what/where pathways

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3
Q

Top-down processing

A

Interpretation of sensations are influences by available knowledge, experiences and thoughts
-regions at end of what/where pathways move to V1

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4
Q

Factors affecting perception (8)

A
  1. Sensory adaption
    —not perceiving stimuli that remains relatively constant over prolonged periods of time
  2. Motivation
  3. Attention
    —concentration on specific parts of our environment (often at the exclusion of others)
  4. Beliefs/values/prejudices/expectations
  5. Inattentional blindness
    —failure to notice something completely visible because of lack of attention
  6. Change blindness
  7. Colour perception
  8. Life/cultural bias
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5
Q

Retina

A

Internal surface of eye that contains photoreceptors that convert light into neural signals
-Relayed to the brain via optic nerve

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6
Q

Blind spot

A

Point at which optic nerve leaves the eye
-no rods or cones are present here

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7
Q

Rods

A

Specialised for level of low light intensity
-located primarily in periphery

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8
Q

Cones

A

Specialized for levels of high light intensity and detection
-packed more densely in center of retina (fovea)

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9
Q

Transduction of light

A
  1. Light enters though cornea
  2. Passes through pupil
  3. Refracted through the lens
  4. Focused on retina tissue at back of eye
  5. Captured by photoreceptors in fovea and converted into neural signals
  6. Neural signal transmitted to brain through optic nerve
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10
Q

Primary visual cortex (V1

A

Area at back of brain responsible for early processing of visual signals (how light something is, color, movement, etc)
-signals travel to here via processing station called lateral geniculate nucleus
-V1 cells respond to light into particular orientations, lengths, etc.

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11
Q

Dorsal pathway

A

“Where” pathway

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12
Q

Ventral pathway

A

“What” pathway

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13
Q

Word superiority effect

A

Easier to identify a letter if it appears in a word rather than alone or in a non-word

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14
Q

V4

A

Region associated with color perception
-acheomatopsia is the failure to perceive color

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15
Q

V5

A

Region associated with motion perception
-akinestopsia is the failure to perceive visual motion

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16
Q

Stages of object recognition

A
  1. Initial stage
    -detection of basic visual elements (colors, edges, etc)
  2. Intermediate stage
    -grouping basic elements into higher units that code depth cues and segregate surfaces into figure and ground
  3. Advanced/final stage
    -recognising the object and attributing meaning to it
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17
Q

Feature detection

A

Detecting patterns on the basis of their features or properties

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18
Q

Slefridges pandemonium model (3 levels)

A
  1. Features
    -property of stimulus (color, shape, size)
  2. Cognitive demons
    -decides whether stimulus matches its particular patterns
  3. Decision demons
    Decides which pattern is being recognized based on cog demon input
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19
Q

Recognition by components

A

Decomposing objects into fundamental 3D geometric shapes and comparing with existing memory representations
-explains why we can recognize objects from different viewpoints

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20
Q

Gestalt grouping principles

A

Perception is holistic rather than atomistic
-grouping of visual features to form a whole
-follows certain organisational principles

21
Q

Template matching

A

Comparing configuration of current sensory input with standard configuration we have
-we have a prototype/template

22
Q

Apperception agnosia

A

Failure to understand meaning of objects
-deficit at level of object perception

23
Q

Associative agnosia

A

Failure to understand meaning of objects
-deficit at level of semantic memory

24
Q

Integrative agnosia

A

Failure to integrate parts into wholes

25
Q

Fusiform face area

A

Area in temporal lobes that responds more to faces than other visual objects

26
Q

Face recognition units

A

-stored knowledge of the 3D structure of similar faces

27
Q

Person identity nodes

A

-abstract description of people that links perceptual knowledge with semantic knowledge

28
Q

Propoagnosia

A

Impairments of face processing
-do not reflect difficulties in early visual analysis

29
Q

Modality appropriateness hypothesis

A

Different senses are better at processing different stimuli
-depending on situation, different sensory modalities will dominate

30
Q

Visual prepotency effect

A

Visual system dominate when it comes to perceptual processing
-conflict resolution
—when visual and auditory info conflict, we often rely more on visual info to resolve this conflict

31
Q

Visual agnosia

A

Unable to identify objects but still able to act upon them
-result of damage to ventral stream

32
Q

Optic ataxia

A

Unable to properly grip when acting upon objects but still able to identify the object
-result of damage to Doral stream

33
Q

Attention

A

Processes that allow us to select info for further processing
-selection based on relevance to importance to current goals

34
Q

Information processing

A

Idea that world contains info for humans to process

35
Q

Information theory

A

A message is inversely related to its probability of occurrence
-less likely it is, the more info it conveys
—framework for understanding decision making, memory storage, and communication

36
Q

Alertness and arousal

A

Most basic level of attention

37
Q

Selective attention

A

Involves selection of info essential to task
—cocktail party effect
—dochotic listening

38
Q

Divided attention

A

Extending to more than one thing at a time
-we can do more than one task, but as they become more complex they interfere with each other
—structural limits
—central bottleneck (not actually completely at same time, but switching between)

39
Q

Sustained attention

A

Focusing on a single task for prolonged period of time
—vigilance (externally imposed sustained attention example: your job)

40
Q

Automaticity (processing without attention)

A

Fast and effortless processing that requires little to no focused attention
-tasks that first require controlled processing can become automatic

41
Q

spatial attention

A

Spotlight may move from one place to another or move in and out
-location of attention not necessarily same as eye fixation

42
Q

Exogenous orienting/shuft

A

Attention externally guided by a stimulus
-Bottom-up
-attention is captured

43
Q

Endogenous orienting/shift

A

Attention guided by the goals of perceiver
-top-down

44
Q

Non-spatial attention

A

Object based attention
—different parts of visual ventral stream increase in activity when attended

45
Q

Attentional blink

A

Inability to report a target stimulus if it appears too soon after another target stimulus

46
Q

Neglect

A

A failure to attend to stimuli on opposite side of space to a brain lesion
-may only eat from half of plate, read half of page, bump into objects on that side

47
Q

Coates’s delusion

A

Thinking one is dead

48
Q

Capgras delusion

A

Thinking loved ones are imposters

49
Q

Reduplicative paramnesia

A

Belief in the existence of duplicate persons, places, body parts, etc

Intro To Cog (10 decks)

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