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Intro To Cog > Lecture 8 > Flashcards

Lecture 8 Flashcards

1
Q

Communication

A

-exchange of ideas between a sender and receiver
-used to satisfy needs and wants, reveal feelings and thoughts and share info

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2
Q

Sociolinguistic

A

-study of how variables like cultural identity, setting, and participants (best friend, parent , etc) influence communication

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3
Q

Animal communication

A

-animals use communications systems to aid survival and reproductive needs
—honey bee waggle dance
—vervet alarm call

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4
Q

Holophrases

A

A single vocalization or gesture that refers to entire situation and not specify objects or events
-animals and human toddlers

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5
Q

Features of animal communication

A

-lack of ability to combine symbols together to express novel ideas
- always about the here and now
-their systems have rules
—young vervets realize they can’t make warning call whenever they want

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6
Q

Design features of language

A
  1. rule-governed
    —how sounds are combined into words and sentences
  2. recursion
    — capacity of any one component to any number of similar components
  3. creative/productive
    — languages have fixed number of symbols, but potentially infinite number of messages that can be created with these symbols
  4. Displacement
    — can refer to events not present in space and time
  5. Arbitrary
    —a symbol that bears no resemblance to what it refers to
  6. Dynamic
    —language changes across time
  7. Socially shared
    — not just words
    —culture, tradition, history
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7
Q

Phonology

A

Study of the sound system of language

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8
Q

Phonetic inventory

A

-all speech sounds possible for a language
-focus in describing the sounds

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9
Q

Phonemes

A

-speech sound categories
-focus on meaning of sounds

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10
Q

Phonotactic rules

A

-how speech sounds can be used to form words
—ex. In English no more than 3 consonants allowed

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11
Q

Morphology

A

-study of morphemes and how they are used and modified in communication

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12
Q

Morphemes

A

Smaller meaningful unit of language
-free (dog) vs bound (-s)
—prefix-root-suffix

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13
Q

Syntax

A

The rules for ordering words in legal structures for a given language

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14
Q

Language ambiguity

A

Humans are very good at resolving ambiguity
-ambiguity in word structure, and sentence structure

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15
Q

Semantics

A

The meaning of language (words and phrases)

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16
Q

Sense vs reference

A

Sense vs reference
- sense is dictionary definitions
-reference are the pointers ( what the word refers to)

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17
Q

Mental lexicon/ lexical memory

A

-our mental dictionary
-a representational system for the words of our language
—we maintain a huge number of items, and access to this info is extremely fast

18
Q

Introspection

A

-think about word meanings
-draw conclusions from subjective experience

19
Q

Definition hypothesis

A

-word meaning = list of necessary features
—bachelor vs monk fit similar descriptions
- so of all things, what is included in dictionary definition?

20
Q

Distributional semantics

A

-you shall know a word by the company it keeps
—ex. A bottle of tesuino is on the table
——everyone loves it , it makes you drunk , it’s made from corn
——tf, you guess it is an alcoholic beverage
- intuition: words are similar if they have similar words contexts

21
Q

Associative structures of mental lexicon

A

-we represent info in terms of connections among units of info

22
Q

A node

A

A unit of memory, which is then connected among units of info
—nodes may be strongly or weakly connected

23
Q

Pragmatics

A

-how and why we use language
-social communication
—using language for different purposes
—changing language depending on situation
— following rules for conversations

24
Q

Collin’s and Quillians hierarchal network model

A

-General thing at top, specific at bottom
- based on generalness of properties at different levels
—ex. Animals breath > birds have wings > canary’s sing

25
Q

Principle of cognitive economy

A

List each property as infrequently as possible

26
Q

Sentence verification task

A

Participants are asked to decide as quickly as possible if a sentence is true or false
-assumption is verification time depends on the underlying structure
—characteristics unique to item will be closely linked in associative space as opposed to characteristics shared by other items

27
Q

Collin & loftus spreading activation model

A

-mental lexicon is organized on basis of semantic relatedness or distance

28
Q

Spreading activation

A

Activity at one node caused activation at another node
- automatic and outside conscious control
-decreases the further it travels in the network

29
Q

Priming

A

-subject responds faster to a target stimulus because a related stimulus appeared in the context of
—ex. Duck primes goose but not horse

30
Q

Mediated priming

A

-limits on the total amount of activation
- prevent uncontrolled spread of activation

31
Q

Concept

A

A mental construct that contains info associated with a specific idea
- representation of concrete objects
-they can also be abstract

32
Q

Category

A

A mental construct referring to a set of objects or ideas that are grouped together
-tend to be more concrete
-nested structures in which level of organization is important in defining the category

33
Q

Basic level of categorization

A

One we are most likely to invoke
-“tools” is a basic level

34
Q

Subordinate level of categorization

A

Allows for more specific or specialized categories to be formed
-ex. Power tools

35
Q

Superordinate level of categorization

A

Higher order categories that include general info and include many more common categories
-“human implements “

36
Q

Family resemblance

A

-membership in a category may be defined by each items Demerol similarities in the category
—rather than by a specific list of features

37
Q

Typicality effect

A

-verification times are faster for more typical or representative category members than atypical ones

38
Q

Exemplar theory

A

-categories classified by maintaining large numbers of specific instances of a category
—associated with each other in semantic memory

39
Q

Prototype theory

A

-prototypes are the most typical member of particular category
-prototypes form the central characteristics in our representation of categories

40
Q

Schemas

A

-generalized knowledge about an events, person, or situation

41
Q

Scripts

A

Well learned sequences of events associated with common activities
-ex. Going to a restaurant

Intro To Cog (10 decks)

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