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Exercise Physiology > Lecture 9 > Flashcards

Lecture 9 Flashcards

1
Q

What are cardiovascular responses to acute exercise?

A

Increases blood flow to working muscles
Altered heart functions, peripheral circulatory adaptations

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2
Q

What are some altered heart functions due to cardiovascualr response?

A
  • Heart rate
  • Stroke Volume
  • Cardaic output
  • Blood pressure
  • Blood flow
  • Blood
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3
Q

What is the normal range of Untrained resting heart rate?

A

60-80 beats/min

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4
Q

What is the normal rate of trained resting heart rate?

A

As low as 30-40 beats/min

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5
Q

What is anticipatory response?

A

When heart rate increases above the resting heart rate just before start of exercise

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6
Q

How is heart rate during exercise in relation to exercise intensity?

A

Priectly Proportional

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7
Q

What is maximum heart rate?

A

Highest heart rate acheived in all-out effort to volitional fatigue

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8
Q

What is the estimated max heart rate?

A

220-age in years
(208-(0.7 x age in years)

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9
Q

What is steady-state HR?

A

Point of plateau, optimal HR how meeting circulatory demands at a given submaximal intensity

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10
Q

What is steady-state HR used for?

A

Simple exercise tests estimating aerobic fitness and HRmax

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11
Q

Why do we measure HR rhythmic fluctuation?

A

Due ot continuous changes in sympathetic and parasympathetic balance

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12
Q

What is HR variability influenced by?

A

Body core temperature, sympathetic nerve activity, respiratory rate

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13
Q

When does stroke volume increase?

A

With intensity to 40-60% VO2max

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14
Q

What is greater, supine end-diastolic volume or standing EDV?

A

Supine EDV

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15
Q

What are factors that increase stroke volume?

A

Increased preload
Increases contractility
Decreased afterload

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16
Q

What is increased preload?

A

End-diastolic ventricular stretch

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17
Q

What is increased contractility?

A

Ingerent ventricle property

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18
Q

What is decreased after load?

A

Aortic resistance

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19
Q

What can you see when there is increased stroke volume?

A

-Increased preload at lower intensities
-Increased contracility at higher intensities
-Decreased afterload via vasodilation

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20
Q

What is the cardiac output formula?

A

Q=HR x SV

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21
Q

What are teh normal values of cardiac output at resting, untrained, and trained?

A

Resting = ~5L/min
Untrained = ~20L/min
Trained = 40L/min

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22
Q

How to calculate MAP?

A

MAP = Q x total peripheral resistance

23
Q

HOw to calculate rate-pressure product?

A

HR x SBP

24
Q

WHen cardiac output increases what happens to blood flow?

A

It increases

25
Q

What does the sympathetic vasoconstriction do to blood?

A

Blood is shunted away from less active regions

26
Q

What is bloow flow redistribution?

A

Local vasodilation permits additional blood flow in exercising muscle

27
Q

When sympathetic vasoconstriction decreases what happens to sympathetic vasodilation?

A

It increases

28
Q

What is cardiovasular drift?

A

Associated with increases core temperature and dehydration

29
Q

What happens when stroke volume drift decreases?

A

Skin blood flow increases
Plasma volume decreases (sweating)
Venous return/preload

30
Q

What is competition for blood supply?

A

Exercise and other demands for blood flow create competition for limited cardiac output

31
Q

What is plasma volume?

A

Capillary fluid movement into and out of tissue

32
Q

When upright exercise leads to decreased plasma volume, what else happens?

A

-Compromise of exercise performance
-Increases MAP, which leads to increased capillary hydrostatic pressure
-Metabolite buildup leads to increased tissue osmotic pressure
- Sweating further decreases plasma volume

33
Q

When does hemoconcentration happen?

A

When there is a decrease in plasma volume

34
Q

What are the net effects of hemoconcentration?

A

-Red blood cell concentration increases
-Hemoglobin concentration increases
-O2-carrying capacity increases

35
Q

What stimulates rapid changes in HR, Q and blood pressure during exercise?

A

Precede metabolite buildup in muscle
HR increases within 1s of onset exercise

36
Q

What is the integration of the exercise response?

A

Cardiovascular response to exercise: complex, fast, and finely tuned

37
Q

What is the first priority of exercise response?

A

Maintenance of blood pressure

38
Q

What happens to ventilation during exercise?

A

Immediate increase in ventilation
Gradual second phase of increased ventilation

39
Q

What are the different types of breathing irregularities?

A

Exercise-induced asthma
Dyspnea (shortness of breath)
Hyperventilation (excessive ventilation)
Valsalava maneuver

40
Q

What is exercise-induced asthma?

A

More water evaporated from airway surface
Disruption of airway epithelium and injury of microvasculature

41
Q

What is dyspnea?

A

Fatigue in respiratory muscles despite drive to increase ventilation

42
Q

What is hyperventilation?

A

Anticipation or anxiety about exercise

43
Q

What is the Valsalava maneuver?

A

Potentially dangerous but accompanies certain types of exercise
(Great veins collapsed by high pressures that decrease venous return that decreases cardiac output and decreased arterial blood pressure)

44
Q

What is the equation showing the ventilatory equivalent for O2?

A

V3/VO2 (L air breathed / L O2 consumed/min)

45
Q

What is the ventilatory threshold?

A

Point where L air breathed>L O2 consumed

46
Q

What are limitations on performance?

A

-Ventilation normally not limiting factor
-Airway resistance and gas diffusion normally not limiting factors at sea level
-Restrictive or obstructive respiratory disorders possibly limiting

47
Q

What is an exception of limitations on performance?

A

Elite endurance-trained athletes exercising at high intensities

48
Q

What is acid-base balance?

A

-When metabolic processes produce H+ that decreases pH
-When H+ is added to a buffer, it creates an H-buffer

49
Q

What levels is the body at when at rest at a slightly alkaline level?

A

7.1-7.4 (higher pH = alkalosis)

50
Q

What levels is the body at when doing exercise at a slightly acidic level?

A

6.6-6.9 (lower pH = acidosis)

51
Q

What mechanisms control pH?

A

Physiological

52
Q

What are chemical buffers used in control of pH?

A

Bicarbonate, phosphates, proteins, hemoglobin

53
Q

What is the level of passive recovery in relation to active recovery of pH recovery?

A

60-120 min

54
Q
A

Exercise Physiology (10 decks)

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