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Exercise Physiology > Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are substrates?

A

Fuel sources from which we make energy

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2
Q

What is bioenergetics?

A

Conversion of substrates into energy

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3
Q

What is metabolism?

A

Chemical reactions in the body

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4
Q

How is energy release calculated?

A

Can be calculated from heat produced

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5
Q

What can 1,000 cal also be known as?

A

1 kcal or 1 Calorie (dietary)

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6
Q

What is carbohydrate, fat, and protein?

A

Organic molecules, primary substrates

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7
Q

What substrate is good for short ecercise?

A

More carbohydrates

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8
Q

What substrates are good for long exercise?

A

Carbohydrate and fat

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9
Q

What is stored in high-energy compound ATP?

A

Energy from chemical bonds in food

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10
Q

What happens to glycogen when you need to make more ATP?

A

It is converted back to glucose

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11
Q

In less intense exercise what does energy substrates yeild?

A

High net ATP but slow ATP production

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12
Q

Does protein oxidize?

A

Not really

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13
Q

What is the mass action effect?

A

Substrate availability affects metabolic rate

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14
Q

If there is more available substrate what does that do to the pathway activity?

A

It get higher

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15
Q

What happens if there is excess of given substrates?

A

Cell rely on the at substrate more than on others

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16
Q

How is energy release?

A

At a controlled rate based on enzyme activity in metabolic pathway (speeds up/slows down)

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17
Q

With enzymes, what is ATP broken down into?

A

ATPase

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18
Q

What does more enzyme activity result in?

A

More product

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19
Q

What does the phosphocreatine system do?

A

Break down ATP to release energy and synthesize ATP from by-products

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20
Q

What are the 3 ATP synthesis pathways?

A

-ATP-PCr system (anaerobic metabolism)
-Glycolytic system (anaerobic metabolism)
-Oxidative system (aerobic metabolism)

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21
Q

What is the ATP-PCr system?

A

ATP recycling during exercise until used up, replenishes ATP stores during rest

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22
Q

What is PCr broken down by?

A

Catalyzed by CK (Creatine Kinase)

23
Q

If ATP levels are low what are the CK levels like?

A

Higher

24
Q

If ATP levels are high what are the CK levels?

A

Lower

25
Q

How much ATP can the anaerobic system yield?

A

2-3 mol ATP / 1 mol substrate

26
Q

How long can the anaerobic system be used for?

A

15 sec - 2 min

27
Q

How is glucose broken down by for the anaerobic system?

A

Glycolysis

28
Q

What does the glycolytic system use as its substrate?

A

Glucose or glycogen

29
Q

How many reactions are in the glycolytic system?

A

10-12 enzymatic reactions total

30
Q

Where does the glycolytic system occur?

A

Cytoplasm

31
Q

What is phosphofructokinase?

A

A rate-limiting enzyme

32
Q

If ATP is low, what is the PFK activity?

A

High

33
Q

If the ATP is high what is the PFK activity?

A

Low

34
Q

How much ATP is yielded in the aerobic system?

A

Depends on substrate
32-33 ATP/1 glucose
100+ ATP/1 FFA

35
Q

How long can the aerobic system be used for?

A

Steady for hours

36
Q

Where does the aerobic system take place?

A

Mitochondria

37
Q

What are the 3 stages in the oxidization of carbohydrate?

A
  1. Glycolysis
  2. Krebs cycle
  3. Electron transport chain
38
Q

How are H+ electrons carried to the ETC?

A

Via NADH, FADH2 molecules

39
Q

What are tyrglycerides?

A

Major fat energy source

40
Q

What are tyriglycerides borken down int?

A

1 glycerol and 3 FFAs

41
Q

What is the rate of FFA entry into muscles?

A

Dependant of concentration gradient

42
Q

How much ATP does oxidation of fat yield?

A

3-4 times more than glucose

43
Q

What is b-Oxidation of fat?

A

Process of converting FFAs to acetyl-CoA before entering Krebs cycle

44
Q

What is the up-front expenditure of b-Oxidation of fat?

A

2 ATP

45
Q

What can Protein be converted to?

A

Glucose
Acetyl-CoA

46
Q

What is an important fuel during exercise?

A

Lactate

47
Q

What are the 3 ways that muscle can use lactate?

A

-When produced in cytoplasm it can be taken by mitochondria of same muscle fiber and oxidize
-Transported via MCP transporters to other cell and oxidized there (lactate shuttle)
-Recirculate back to liver and be reconverted to pyruvate then go glucose through gluconeogenesis

48
Q

How do all energy systems interact?

A

No single system contributes 100% (cooperation increases during transition periods)

49
Q

When at rest and exercise below 60% VO2max what serve as the primary substrate?

A

Lipids

50
Q

During high intensity what serves as the primary substrate?

A

Carbohydrates

51
Q

Do all muscles exhibit maximal oxidative capabilities?

A

NO

52
Q

What factors is oxidative capacity determined by?

A

-Enzyme activity
-Fiber type composition, endurance training
-O2 availability versus O2 need

53
Q

What does enzyme activity predict?

A

Oxidative potential

54
Q

What are type 2 fibers better for?

A

Glycolytic energy production

Exercise Physiology (10 decks)

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