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Exercise Physiology > Lecture 4 > Flashcards

Lecture 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What kind of system is the Endocrine System?

A

It is a Chemical system

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2
Q

Is the endocrine system fast?

A

It is slower to respond but longer lasting than nervous system

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3
Q

How does the endocrine system maintain homeostasis?

A

By hormones, control and regulate cell and organ activity and acto on atrget cells

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4
Q

How does the endocrine system maintain homeostasis during exercise?

A

Control substrate metabolism
Regulates fluid and electrolytes

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5
Q

What can hormones be sorted into?

A

Steroidal/Nonsteroidal

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6
Q

What are the four major glands of the endocrine system?

A

Adrenal cortex
Ovaries
Testes
Placenta

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7
Q

What are the 2 groups of nonsteroid hormones?

A

Protein/Peptide
Amino acid-derived

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7
Q

How are hormones secreted in bursts?

A

Plasma concentration fluctuates over minutes/hours
Concentrations fluctuate over days/weeks

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8
Q

How is hormone secretion regulated by negative feedback?

A

Hormone release causes change in body
Large downstream change reduces secretion
Small downstream change increases secretion

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9
Q

What is down-regulation?

A

Decrease number of receptors during high plasma concentration = desensitization

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10
Q

What is up regulation?

A

Increased number of receptors during high plasma concentration = sensitization

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11
Q

What happens if there is no receptor on cell surface?

A

There is no hormone effect

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12
Q

What happens when a hormone binds to a receptor?

A

Once formed effector can be carried out

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13
Q

What is the steroid hormone actions?

A

If lipid soluble it can cross cell membranes
Steroid hormone receptors are found inside cell
Hormone-receptor complex enters nuclus

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14
Q

What are nonsteroid hormone actions?

A

If not lipid soluble it is unable to cross cell membrane
Receptors on cell membrane to the second messengers

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15
Q

What are common second messengers?

A

Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate (cAMP)
Cyclic Guanine Monophosphate (cGMP)
Inositol triphosphate (IP3), diacylglycerol (DAG)

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16
Q

What do hormones do during exercise?

A

Regulate physiological variables

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17
Q

What are the major endocrine glands are responsible for metabolic regulation?

A

Anterior pituitary gland
Thyroid gland
Adrenal gland
Pancreas

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18
Q

The hormones released by the endocrine glands affect what during exercise?

A

Metabolism of carbohydrate and fat during exercise

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19
Q

What are the hypothalamic hormone factors that secrete hormones in response?

A

Includes both releasing factors and inhibiting factors
Exercise increases the secretion of all anterior pituitary hormones

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20
Q

What is a release growth hormone?

A

Potent anabolic hormone
builds tissues
Promotes muscle groups
Stimulates fat metabolism

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21
Q

What does T3 (triiodothyronine and T4 (thyroxine) lead to increases of?

A
  • Metabolic rates of all tissues
  • Protein Synthesis
  • Number and size of mitochondria
  • Glucose uptake by cells
  • Rates of glycolysis and glycogenesis
  • FFA mobilization
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22
Q

What does the anterior pituitary release?

A

Thyrotropin (thyroid-stimulating hormone, TSH)

23
Q

What increases TSH release?

A

Exercise
(Short term: T4 increases, Prolonged exercise: T4 is constant, T3 decreases

24
Q

What else can releases catecholamines mean?

A

Fight or flight

25
Q

What increases when catecholamine is released?

A

heart rate, contractile force, blood pressure
Glycogenolysis, FFA
Blood flow to skeletal muscle

26
Q

What gets released in the Adrenal cortex?

A

Corticosteroids (glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, gonadorticoids)

27
Q

What is the major glucocorticoid?

A

Cortisol

28
Q

What does cortisol do?

A

Stimulates glucogenesis
Increases FFA mobilization
Acts as anti-inflammatory

29
Q

What does insulin do?

A

Lowers blood glucose

30
Q

What does glucagon do?

A

Raises blood pressure (oppose insulin)

31
Q

What does adequate glucose during exercise require?

A

Glucose release by the liver and glucose uptake by muscles

32
Q

What are some hormones that increase circulating glucose?

A

-Glucagon
-Epinephrine
-Norepinephrine
-Cortisol

33
Q

Circulating glucose during exercise is also affected by what?

A

GH: increase FFA mobilization, lower cellular glucose uptake
T3,T4: increases glucose catabolism and fat metabolism

34
Q

What happens when exercise intensity increases to carbohydrate metabolism?

A

Catecholamine release increases
Glycogenolysis rate increases
Muscle glycogen is used before live glycogen

35
Q

What happens when exercise duration increases in carbohydrate metabolism?

A

More liver glycogen is used
Increase muscle glucose uptake and increased liver glucose release
As glucogen stores decrease, glucagon levels increase

36
Q

What happens to insulin during exercise?

A

Insulin concentrations decrease
Cellular insulin sensitivity increases
More glucose is taken up into cells, and less insulin is used

37
Q

How does the CNS regulate carbohydrate metabolism?

A

Hormones (insulin) and nutrients (glucose, fatty acids, amino acids)

38
Q

When glycogen is depleted what is needed?

A

Fat energy substrates (results in fat breakdown accelerated)

39
Q

What are triglycerides made up of?

A

FFAs and Glycerol

40
Q

What is lipolysis stimulated by?

A

Decreased insulin
Epinephrine
Norepinephrine
Cortisol
GH

41
Q

During exercise, the plasma volume decreases, what does this cause?

A

-Increase hydrostatic pressure, tissue osmotic pressure
-Decreased plasma water content via sweating
-Increased heart strain, decreased blood pressure

42
Q

What part of the body does hormones correct fluid imbalances?

A

Posterior pituitary gland
Adrenal cortex
Kidneys

43
Q

What does the posterior pituitary do?

A

secrete antidiuretic hormone (ADH) oxytocin

44
Q

What does the adrenal cortex do?

A

Secretes mineralocorticoids (major is aldosterone)

45
Q

What are effects of Aldosterone?

A

-Increase NA+ retention by kidneys
-Increase NA+ retention and increase water retention via osmosis
-Increase NA+ retention increases K+ excretion

46
Q

What is a stimulus for aldosterone release?

A

Decreased Plasma Na+
Decreased blood volume, blood pressure
Increased plasma K+

47
Q

hat are the kidneys a target tissue for?

A

ADH (Aldosterone)

48
Q

What is EPO released in response to?

A

Low blood O2 in kidneys

49
Q

When the stimulus for renin releases, what happens to the blood?

A

Decreases blood volume, and decreases blood pressure

50
Q

What does Renin convert angiotensinogen into?

A

Angiotensin 1

51
Q

What does ACE convert angiotensin 1 into?

A

Angiotensin 2

52
Q

What is osmolality?

A

Measure of concentration of dissolved particles in body fluid compartments (normal value = ~300mOsm/kg)

53
Q

If compartment osmolality increases, what is the water doing?

A

Water is drawn in

54
Q

If the compartment osmolality decreases what is the water doing?

A

Water is drawn out

55
Q

ADH effects persist for how long after exercise?

A

12-28 hours after

56
Q
A

Exercise Physiology (10 decks)

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