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Exercise Physiology > Lecture 7 > Flashcards

Lecture 7 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the major functions of the Cardiovascular system?

A

-Delivers O2 and nutrients
-Removes CO2 and other waste
-Transports hormones and other molecules
-Supports temperature balance and controls fluid regulation
-Maintains acid-base balance
-Regulates immune function

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2
Q

What are the 3 major circulatory elements?

A
  1. Pump (heart, generate pressure)
  2. Channels or tubes (blood vessels designed specifically to move fluid)
  3. Fluid medium (blood)
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3
Q

What type of circulation is the right heart mean for?

A

Pulmonary circulation

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4
Q

What does pulmonary circulation do?

A

Pumps of deoxygenated blood from the body to the lungs

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5
Q

What type of circulation is the left heart responsible for?

A

Systemic circulation

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6
Q

What does the systemic circulation do?

A

Pumps of oxygenated blood from the lungs to the body

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7
Q

What is the myocardium?

A

Cardiac muscle

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8
Q

What fibre type does the myocardium have?

A

Similar to type 1

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9
Q

What holds cells together?

A

Desmosomes hold cells together

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10
Q

What is the makeup of the skeletal cells?

A

Large, long, unbranched, multinucleated

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11
Q

What is the makeup of myocardial cells?

A

Small, short, branched, one nucleus

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12
Q

What is spontaneous rhythmicity?

A

Special heart cells generate and spread electrical signals (Sa node, AV node, AV bundle, Purkinje fibres)

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13
Q

What should the intrinsic heart rate be?

A

100 beats/min

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14
Q

How does the cardiac conduction system do?

A
  • SA node initiates contraction signal
  • AV bundle relays signal to RV, LV
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15
Q

By what cranial nerve does the parasympathetic nervous system reach the heart?

A

Vagus Nerve, Cranial nerve X

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16
Q

What does the parasympathetic nervous system do in relation to the heart?

A

Carries impulses to SA, AV nodes, Decreases HR below intrinsic HR

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17
Q

What does the sympathetic nervous system do in relation to the heart?

A

Carries impulses to SA and AV nodes, Increases HR above intrinsic HR

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18
Q

What is the cardiac cycle?

A

All mechanical and electrical events occurring during one heartbeat

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19
Q

What is the diastole phase?

A

Relaxation phase

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20
Q

What is the systolic phase?

A

COntraction phase

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21
Q

When does ventricular diastole happen?

A

T wave to next QRS complex

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22
Q

What is stroke volume?

A

The volume of blood pumped in one heartbeat

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23
Q

What is ejection fraction?

A

% of EDV pumped

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24
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

Total volume of blood pumped per minute

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25
Q

What is the equation for cardiac output?

A

Q=HRxSV

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26
Q

What is the normal amount of resting cardiac output?

A

~1.2 - 5.6 l/min

27
Q

What is functional syncytium?

A

Pumping of the heart as one unit

28
Q

What is torsional contraction?

A

Increases contractility during intense exercise to enhance left ventricle filling

29
Q

How does systole happen during torsional contraction?

A

Heart twists gradually, storing energy like a sporing

30
Q

How does diastole happen during torsional contraction?

A

Abrupt untwisting allows atrial filling (dynamic relation)

31
Q

What is part of the vascular system?

A

-Arteries
-Arterioles
-Capillaries
-Venules
-Veins

32
Q

What do arteries do?

A

Carry blood away from heart

33
Q

What do arterioles do?

A

Control blood flow, feed capillaries

34
Q

What do capillaries do?

A

Provide a site for nutrient and waste exchange

35
Q

What do venules do?

A

Collect blood from capillaries

36
Q

What do veins do?

A

Carry blood from venules back to the heart

37
Q

What is the top number of systolic pressure?

A

~110-120 mmHg

38
Q

What is the bottom number for diastolic pressure?

A

~70-80 mmHg

39
Q

What is the Mean Arterial Pressure?

A

Average pressure over entire cardiac cycle

40
Q

How to calculate mean arterial pressure?

A

MAP=2/3DPB+1/3SBP

41
Q

What is pressure?

A

Force that drives flow

42
Q

What is resistance?

A

Force that opposes flow

43
Q

What are the easiest ways to change flow?

A

Vasoconstriction
Vasodilation

44
Q

What are arterioles?

A

Resistance vessels

45
Q

How does blood get distributed?

A

Blood flows to sites where most needed

46
Q

What is the cardiac output at rest?

A

5 L/min

47
Q

What is the cardiac output during heavy exercise?

A

25 L/min

48
Q

What is the intrinsic control of blood flow?

A

The ability of local tissues to constrict or dilate arterioles that serve them

49
Q

What are the 3 types of intrinsic control?

A

Metabolic
Endothelial
Myogenic

50
Q

What is metabolic mechanisms (VD)?

A

The buildup of local metabolic by-products

51
Q

What is endothelial mechanisms?

A

Substances secreted by vascular endothelium

52
Q

What is myogenic mechanisms (VC, VD)?

A

Local pressure changes causing VC,VD

53
Q

How does local control of muscle blood flow work?

A

Increase of blood flow to exercising muscle to math its metabolic demand

54
Q

What is functional sympatholysis?

A

Inhibition of sympathetic vasoconstriction by reducing vascular responsiveness a a-adrenergic receptor activation

55
Q

What are baroreceptors?

A

Sensitive to changes in arterial pressure
Afferent signals from baroreceptors to brain
Efferent signals from the brain to hear, vessels
Adjustment of arterial pressure back to normal

56
Q

Venous return is assisted by what 3 mechanisms?

A

One-way venous valves
Muscle pump
Respiratory pump

57
Q

What are the 3 major functions of blood?

A

Transportation
Temperature regulation
Acid-base balance

58
Q

What is whole blood made up of?

A

Plasma + formed elements

59
Q

How much of the blood does plasma make up?

A

55-60% of blood volume

60
Q

How much of the blood does formed elements make up?

A

40-45% of blood volume

61
Q

What is hematocrit?

A

Total percent of volume composed of formed elements

62
Q

What happens if there is no nucleus?

A

Blood is unable to reproduce

63
Q

What is hemoglobin?

A

Oxygen-transporting protein in red blood cells

Exercise Physiology (10 decks)

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