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Clinical Chemistry > Lecture 9 > Flashcards

Lecture 9 Flashcards

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1
Q

Types of enzymes

A

Hydrolases
Transferases
Oxidoreductases
Lyases
Ligases
Isomerases

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2
Q

Hydrolases

A

catalyze hydrolysis reactions

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3
Q

Transferases

A

move a group, such as an amino group

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4
Q

Oxidoreductases

A

promote oxidation/reduction reactions

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5
Q

Lyases

A

remove a group, but not by hydrolysis

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6
Q

Ligases

A

create new bonds

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7
Q

Isomerases

A

inter-convert isomers

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8
Q

Naming substrates

A

Trivial names formed from the substrate, then the type of reaction, along with the ending: –ase

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9
Q

Isoenzymes

A

Enzymes that have evolved slightly different amino acid sequences
Act on the same substrate, but may be secreted from different types of tissues
function best at different pHs

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10
Q

How isoenzymes does Lactose Dehydrogenase (LDH) have?

A

5 isoforms

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11
Q

Apoenzyme

A

the protein portion of an enzyme
Not functional because it lacks a cofactor

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12
Q

Proenzyme

A

a non-functional form of an enzyme
can be converted into a functional form, often by hydrolysis of a group(s)

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13
Q

Cofactor

A

an inorganic species that is required for the function of an enzyme

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14
Q

Coenzyme

A

an organic cofactor
called a prosthetic group if it is tightly bound
Many coenzymes are vitamins

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15
Q

Enzyme units

A

Enzyme Activity is determined by an assay instead
indicates how much of the enzyme is functioning in the sample
Measured as U or IU of enzyme

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16
Q

intracellular enzymes

A

enzymes detected in serum

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17
Q

What does elevated serum enzymes indicate?

A

trauma
cell death caused by a disease

18
Q

Creatine kinase (CK)

A

enzyme that phosphorylates creatine into creatine phosphate (CP)

19
Q

What are the isoforms and location for Creatine Kinase?

A

CK-MM: found in skeletal muscles
CK-MB: found mostly in the heart
CK-BB: found mostly in the brain and smooth muscle

20
Q

Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)

A

enzyme that promotes the oxidation of lactate to pyruvate

21
Q

Alkaline phosphatases (ALKP)

A

Mostly found in bone, kidneys and intestines
Promotes dephosphorylation under alkaline (basic) conditions

22
Q

What essential role does ALKP play in?

A

bone calcification
Elevated ALKP in several bone diseases and during healing of broken bones

23
Q

Which group is ALKP elevated usually?

A

Children, growth spurts

24
Q

Acid phosphatases (ACP)

A

largest amount is in the prostate
Promotes de-phosphorylation under acid conditions

25
Q

When is ACP elevated?

A

elevated in prostatic carcinoma (malignant cancer)

26
Q

Phosphorylation

A

addition of a phosphate
done by ATP as well as other phosphate sources

27
Q

Dephosphorylation

A

removal of a phosphate

28
Q

Phosphorylation/Dephosphorylation

A

Regulates protein function
Can activate or inactivate

29
Q

Phosphatases

A

Enzymes that catalyze phosphorylation/dephosphorylation

30
Q

Phosphorylation/Dephosphorylation reactions are what kind of reaction?

A

condensation/hydrolysis reactions of esters

31
Q

What enzymes are made in the liver?

A

Alanine amino transferase (ALT)
Aspartate amino transferase (AST)
Gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT)

32
Q

Aspartate amino transferase (AST)

A

catalyzes a reaction between the amino acids aspartate and glutamate
important enzyme in amino acid metabolism

33
Q

Alanine amino transferase (ALT)

A

catalyzes the conversion of alanine, an amino acid found in proteins, into pyruvate
important intermediate in cellular energy production

34
Q

Elevation of Liver enzymes indicate what?

A

○ of hepatitis, cirrhosis, fatty liver disease, alcoholism, etc

35
Q

Pancreatic enzymes

A

Amylase (AMY)
Lipase (LIP)

36
Q

Amylase (AMY)

A

hydrolyzes polysaccharides to smaller polysaccharides or monosaccharides

37
Q

Lipase (LIP)

A

hydrolyzes the two end esters of a triglyceride

38
Q

Diagnostic value of enzymes

A

CK – muscular dystrophy, heart attacks
ALT and AST - liver disease/hepatitis
GGT – ethanol toxicity to liver
ALKP – bone diseases and bone healing
ACP – prostate cancer
LIP and AMY – pancreatitis

39
Q

Prions

A

Diseases that are associated with a protein being the infectious agent

40
Q

Immunoassays

A

Based on the highly specific binding of an antibody to its antigen

41
Q

ELISA

A

Enzyme Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay

42
Q

Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) testing

A

ELISA screening method for prostate cancer

Clinical Chemistry (11 decks)

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