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Clinical Chemistry > Lecture 7 > Flashcards

Lecture 7 Flashcards

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1
Q

Carbohydrates

A

contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
Contain a carbonyl group and several hydroxyl groups

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2
Q

What is the general formular for Carbohydrates?

A

Cx(H2O)y

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3
Q

D-glucose

A

seen in nature
rotates plane polarized light clockwise

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4
Q

L-Glucose

A

mirror opposite of D-Glucose
manufactured in a lab setting
rotates plane polarized light counter-clockwise

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5
Q

The OH group of D and L-glucose determines what?

A

determines the “handedness” of both forms

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6
Q

Monosaccharides

A

Simplest of carbohydrates or sugars, Cannot be hydrolyzed any further
made up of three to seven carbons
can exist as a linear chain or as ring-shaped molecules

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7
Q

What are the common Monosaccharides?

A

Glucose, Galactose, and Fructose are monosaccharide isomers

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8
Q

What differs the monosaccharide isomers?

A

same chemical formula but differ structurally and chemically

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9
Q

Glucose

A

popular monosaccharide
used in the body as a source of energy

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10
Q

How much glucose is in blood?

A

4 g of Glucose

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11
Q

How much glucose does the brain absorb?

A

120 g glucose daily
~ 60% - 70%, is used to power transport mechanisms that maintain the Na+-K+ membrane potential
required for the transmission of the nerve impulses

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12
Q

Monosaccharide locations

A

D-Glucose = Blood sugar
D-Galactose = Milk sugar (part of lactose)
D-Fructose = Fruit sugar

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13
Q

What else is considered a monosaccharide?

A

DNA and RNA

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14
Q

Disaccharides

A

Comprised of 2 monosaccharides
Broken down by hydrolysis reactions

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15
Q

Disaccharide types

A

Maltose + H2O -> 2 glucose
Lactose + H2O -> glucose + galactose
Sucrose + H2O -> glucose + fructose

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16
Q

Polysaccharides

A

3 or more monosaccharides

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17
Q

What are the Polysaccharide linkages?

A

Alpha: digestible by humans, found in most carbohydrates
Beta: not digestible by humans, fiber

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18
Q

Starch

A

glucose units bound by Alpha linkages

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19
Q

Cellulose

A

○ of glucose units bound by Beta linkages
Corn is a good example

20
Q

What must happen to Polysaccharides before it is absorbed?

A

must be hydrolyzed to monosaccharides

21
Q

What catalyzes the hydrolysis reaction of Polysaccharides?

A

Amylases in the mouth and stomach

22
Q

What happens to fructose and galactose during absorption?

A

Both are converted into glucose

23
Q

Where are carbohydrates stored?

A

Stored as glycogen in liver and muscles

24
Q

What is glycogen?

A

highly branched polysaccharide of glucose

25
Q

Glycogenolysis

A

breakdown of glycogen to glucose

26
Q

Glycogenesis

A

conversion of glucose to glycogen

27
Q

Glycolysis

A

breakdown of glucose to pyruvate/lactic acid
occurs without oxygen

28
Q

Gluconeogenesis

A

formation of glucose from breakdown of proteins

29
Q

Lipogenesis

A

formation of fatty acids from glucose

30
Q

Glucose in CSF

A

CSF glucose level is 60-80% of the serum value
meningitis will lower this value

31
Q

Insulin

A

hormone that promotes decrease in glucose levels

32
Q

Glucagon

A

hormone that promotes increase in glucose levels
Promotes gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis, and lipolysis: makes more available energy

33
Q

Glucagon and Insulin production locations

A

Both made in the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas
Insulin: made in the beta cells
Glucagon: made in the alpha cells

34
Q

Diabetes Mellitus

A

Diseases characterized by high blood glucose (hyperglycemia

35
Q

Type 1 diabetes

A

insulin dependent
Decreased insulin production due to damages pancreas
Usually appears at an early age
Ketoacidosis promoted more

36
Q

Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)

A

happens when the blood sugar is very high and acidic substances, ketones, build up to dangerous levels in the body

37
Q

DKA Examples

A

Excessive thirst, frequent urination, nausea and vomiting, weakness or fatigue, shortness of breath*, fruity-scented breath, confusion

38
Q

Type 2 Diabetes

A

non-insulin dependent
Usually is adult onset
insulin/glucagon levels normal
rarely results in ketoacidosis

39
Q

Criteria for the diagnosis of Diabetes Mellitus

A

A fasting serum glucose >140 mg/dL
Two blood glucose values over 200 mg/dL at 2 hours

40
Q

Brief History of Urinalysis

A

Ancient Indian medicine
sweet taste of urine as an indicator of poor health

41
Q

Glycosylated Hemoglobin (A1C)

A

Condensation reactions of hgb proteins + sugars  glycosylated hemoglobin + H2O
Reaction not catalyzed by any enzyme
Amount of glycosylated hemoglobin reflects average glucose levels over approx. 2-4 months
“rolling average” glucose level

42
Q

Determination of Hbg A1C

A

Ratio of standard and patient absorbances are used to calculate patient concentration

43
Q

G6PD: glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase

A

an enzyme that is essential for an RBCs ability to withstand oxidative stress
helps protect RBCs from damage and premature destruction

44
Q

G6PD deficiency

A

develop Hemolytic Anemia, and subsequently can show a falsely lower Hgb A1C

45
Q

Symptoms of G6PD deficiency

A

fatigue, pale color, jaundice skin, shortness of breath, rapid heartbeat, dark urine and enlarged spleen

Clinical Chemistry (11 decks)

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