Lecture 7

Question 1

Carbohydrates

Answer 1

contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
Contain a carbonyl group and several hydroxyl groups

Question 2

What is the general formular for Carbohydrates?

Answer 2

Cx(H2O)y

Question 3

D-glucose

Answer 3

seen in nature
rotates plane polarized light clockwise

Question 4

L-Glucose

Answer 4

mirror opposite of D-Glucose
manufactured in a lab setting
rotates plane polarized light counter-clockwise

Question 5

The OH group of D and L-glucose determines what?

Answer 5

determines the “handedness” of both forms

Question 6

Monosaccharides

Answer 6

Simplest of carbohydrates or sugars, Cannot be hydrolyzed any further
made up of three to seven carbons
can exist as a linear chain or as ring-shaped molecules

Question 7

What are the common Monosaccharides?

Answer 7

Glucose, Galactose, and Fructose are monosaccharide isomers

Question 8

What differs the monosaccharide isomers?

Answer 8

same chemical formula but differ structurally and chemically

Question 9

Glucose

Answer 9

popular monosaccharide
used in the body as a source of energy

Question 10

How much glucose is in blood?

Answer 10

4 g of Glucose

Question 11

How much glucose does the brain absorb?

Answer 11

120 g glucose daily
~ 60% - 70%, is used to power transport mechanisms that maintain the Na+-K+ membrane potential
required for the transmission of the nerve impulses

Question 12

Monosaccharide locations

Answer 12

D-Glucose = Blood sugar
D-Galactose = Milk sugar (part of lactose)
D-Fructose = Fruit sugar

Question 13

What else is considered a monosaccharide?

Answer 13

DNA and RNA

Question 14

Disaccharides

Answer 14

Comprised of 2 monosaccharides
Broken down by hydrolysis reactions

Question 15

Disaccharide types

Answer 15

Maltose + H2O -> 2 glucose
Lactose + H2O -> glucose + galactose
Sucrose + H2O -> glucose + fructose

Question 16

Polysaccharides

Answer 16

3 or more monosaccharides

Question 17

What are the Polysaccharide linkages?

Answer 17

Alpha: digestible by humans, found in most carbohydrates
Beta: not digestible by humans, fiber

Question 18

Starch

Answer 18

glucose units bound by Alpha linkages

Question 19

Cellulose

Answer 19

○ of glucose units bound by Beta linkages
Corn is a good example

Question 20

What must happen to Polysaccharides before it is absorbed?

Answer 20

must be hydrolyzed to monosaccharides

Question 21

What catalyzes the hydrolysis reaction of Polysaccharides?

Answer 21

Amylases in the mouth and stomach

Question 22

What happens to fructose and galactose during absorption?

Answer 22

Both are converted into glucose

Question 23

Where are carbohydrates stored?

Answer 23

Stored as glycogen in liver and muscles

Question 24

What is glycogen?

Answer 24

highly branched polysaccharide of glucose

Question 25

Glycogenolysis

Answer 25

breakdown of glycogen to glucose

Question 26

Glycogenesis

Answer 26

conversion of glucose to glycogen

Question 27

Glycolysis

Answer 27

breakdown of glucose to pyruvate/lactic acid occurs without oxygen

Question 28

Gluconeogenesis

Answer 28

formation of glucose from breakdown of proteins

Question 29

Lipogenesis

Answer 29

formation of fatty acids from glucose

Question 30

Glucose in CSF

Answer 30

CSF glucose level is 60-80% of the serum value meningitis will lower this value

Question 31

Insulin

Answer 31

hormone that promotes decrease in glucose levels

Question 32

Glucagon

Answer 32

hormone that promotes increase in glucose levels Promotes gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis, and lipolysis: makes more available energy

Question 33

Glucagon and Insulin production locations

Answer 33

Both made in the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas Insulin: made in the beta cells Glucagon: made in the alpha cells

Question 34

Diabetes Mellitus

Answer 34

Diseases characterized by high blood glucose (hyperglycemia

Question 35

Type 1 diabetes

Answer 35

insulin dependent Decreased insulin production due to damages pancreas Usually appears at an early age Ketoacidosis promoted more

Question 36

Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)

Answer 36

happens when the blood sugar is very high and acidic substances, ketones, build up to dangerous levels in the body

Question 37

DKA Examples

Answer 37

Excessive thirst, frequent urination, nausea and vomiting, weakness or fatigue, shortness of breath*, fruity-scented breath, confusion

Question 38

Type 2 Diabetes

Answer 38

non-insulin dependent Usually is adult onset insulin/glucagon levels normal rarely results in ketoacidosis

Question 39

Criteria for the diagnosis of Diabetes Mellitus

Answer 39

A fasting serum glucose >140 mg/dL Two blood glucose values over 200 mg/dL at 2 hours

Question 40

Brief History of Urinalysis

Answer 40

Ancient Indian medicine sweet taste of urine as an indicator of poor health

Question 41

Glycosylated Hemoglobin (A1C)

Answer 41

Condensation reactions of hgb proteins + sugars  glycosylated hemoglobin + H2O Reaction not catalyzed by any enzyme Amount of glycosylated hemoglobin reflects average glucose levels over approx. 2-4 months "rolling average” glucose level

Question 42

Determination of Hbg A1C

Answer 42

Ratio of standard and patient absorbances are used to calculate patient concentration

Question 43

G6PD: glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase

Answer 43

an enzyme that is essential for an RBCs ability to withstand oxidative stress helps protect RBCs from damage and premature destruction

Question 44

G6PD deficiency

Answer 44

develop Hemolytic Anemia, and subsequently can show a falsely lower Hgb A1C

Question 45

Symptoms of G6PD deficiency

Answer 45

fatigue, pale color, jaundice skin, shortness of breath, rapid heartbeat, dark urine and enlarged spleen