Lecture 3 Flashcards
Functional Groups
Groups of atoms that replace a H in an organic structure
Aldehydes and Ketones have what?
Carbonyl functional group C=O
hydrolysis
Reactant + H2O product
adds water to break down
condensation
Reactant H2O + product
condenses and removes water
Esters
prepared by reacting carboxylic acids with alcohols
Ex. ethyl acetate is prepared by the condensation reaction of acetic acid with ethanol
Amides
formed by the reaction of carboxylic acids with an amine
Amines
a basic functional group
containing a nitrogen atom bonded in a hydrocarbon framework
Biochemistry
the study of chemistry that takes place in the living cell
The most important types of biochemical compounds
Carbohydrates – Cx(H2O)y
Lipids: the oil soluble part of a cell- includes triglycerides aka fats
Amino acids and Proteins
Vitamins
Hormones
Carbohydrates
contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen and have the general formula
Types of Carbohydrates
Monosaccharides = simplest carbohydrates or sugars
(Glucose)
Disaccharides = 2 monosaccharides
Polysaccharides = many monosaccharides, polymers of sugar molecules
Fats
lipids derived from animals
They contain mostly saturated fatty acids that have been condensed (esters) with glycerol
Most are solid at room temperature
Oils
lipids derived from plants
They contain a larger proportion of unsaturated fatty acids condensed (esters) with glycerol
Most are liquid at room temperature
Saturated fatty acids
contain no C=C double bonds
Monounsaturated fatty acids
contain one C=C double bond
Polyunsaturated fatty acids
contain more than one C=C double bond
Triglycerides
Fats and Oils are both called triglycerides, Both have three ester linkages
Triglycerides are esters of glycerol and fatty acids
Lipids
biological compounds that are soluble in organic solvents and insoluble in water
LIPEMIA
is the term we use for serum that has high lipid content
can lead to refraction via our spectrophotometric analysis and interfere with results
Lipemia has a very milky appearance
Amino acids
the monomer units in biological polymers called peptides or proteins
contains a carboxylic acid group and an amino group
Peptide Bond
Amino acids can undergo condensation reactions between the carboxylic acid group of one amino acid and the amino group of the other amino acid
Peptide bond types
peptide bond: amide link between amino acids
dipeptide: compound formed when two amino acid are condensed
tripeptide: Three amino acids
polypeptide: Ten or more amino acids
Protein
When a polypeptide has a molecular weight of 10,000 g/mol or more
Alpha Helices
One pattern of folding produces “corkscrew” shapes
are common and often repeated over and over again within a structure
Beta sheets
Beta sheets are based on H-bonding between the side chains of different protein chains
Protein Structure: Primary structures
order of amino acids
Secondary structure
local patterns formed within the protein as it folds up
Ex. Beta sheets, Alpha helices
Tertiary structure
overall shape – can be
Globular: very compact, spherical
Tubular: long, stringy
Tertiary structure is often held together by disulfide
(S-S) bonds
Quaternary structure
Hemoglobin subunits
Enzymes
are proteins that act as catalysts
Enzymes increase reaction rates by how much?
10^12
Enzymes work by?
lowering activation energy
Simplest/most common catalysts are?
H+ and OH-
Acids/Bases catalysts promote the hydrolysis reactions that breakdown
proteins to amino acids,
polysaccharides to monosaccharides, and
fats to glycerol + fatty acids
or digestion, body does not use OH-, but instead uses?
H+ (stomach acid= HCl)
In Biochemistry three of the most important types of molecules
Fats, Polysaccharides, and Proteins
How are Fats, Polysaccharides, and Proteins formed?
are formed in condensation reactions
Protein Denaturation
is the disruption of how a protein is folded
A protein must be folded up correctly in order to function
Vitamins
organic compounds required in the diet in small amounts for proper functioning
Non-polar vitamins that are fat-soluble
A, D, E, and K
Polar or water-soluble vitamins are
B vitamins and C
Hormones
serve to regulate body function
produced in the endocrine glands
