Lecture 3

Question 1

Functional Groups

Answer 1

Groups of atoms that replace a H in an organic structure

Question 2

Aldehydes and Ketones have what?

Answer 2

Carbonyl functional group C=O

Question 3

hydrolysis

Answer 3

Reactant + H2O  product
adds water to break down

Question 4

condensation

Answer 4

Reactant  H2O + product
condenses and removes water

Question 5

Esters

Answer 5

prepared by reacting carboxylic acids with alcohols
Ex. ethyl acetate is prepared by the condensation reaction of acetic acid with ethanol

Question 6

Amides

Answer 6

formed by the reaction of carboxylic acids with an amine

Question 7

Amines

Answer 7

a basic functional group
containing a nitrogen atom bonded in a hydrocarbon framework

Question 8

Biochemistry

Answer 8

the study of chemistry that takes place in the living cell

Question 9

The most important types of biochemical compounds

Answer 9

Carbohydrates – Cx(H2O)y
Lipids: the oil soluble part of a cell- includes triglycerides aka fats
Amino acids and Proteins
Vitamins
Hormones

Question 10

Carbohydrates

Answer 10

contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen and have the general formula

Question 11

Types of Carbohydrates

Answer 11

Monosaccharides = simplest carbohydrates or sugars
(Glucose)
Disaccharides = 2 monosaccharides
Polysaccharides = many monosaccharides, polymers of sugar molecules

Question 12

Fats

Answer 12

lipids derived from animals
They contain mostly saturated fatty acids that have been condensed (esters) with glycerol
Most are solid at room temperature

Question 13

Oils

Answer 13

lipids derived from plants
They contain a larger proportion of unsaturated fatty acids condensed (esters) with glycerol
Most are liquid at room temperature

Question 14

Saturated fatty acids

Answer 14

contain no C=C double bonds

Question 15

Monounsaturated fatty acids

Answer 15

contain one C=C double bond

Question 16

Polyunsaturated fatty acids

Answer 16

contain more than one C=C double bond

Question 17

Triglycerides

Answer 17

Fats and Oils are both called triglycerides, Both have three ester linkages
Triglycerides are esters of glycerol and fatty acids

Question 18

Lipids

Answer 18

biological compounds that are soluble in organic solvents and insoluble in water

Question 19

LIPEMIA

Answer 19

is the term we use for serum that has high lipid content
can lead to refraction via our spectrophotometric analysis and interfere with results
Lipemia has a very milky appearance

Question 20

Amino acids

Answer 20

the monomer units in biological polymers called peptides or proteins
contains a carboxylic acid group and an amino group

Question 21

Peptide Bond

Answer 21

Amino acids can undergo condensation reactions between the carboxylic acid group of one amino acid and the amino group of the other amino acid

Question 22

Peptide bond types

Answer 22

peptide bond: amide link between amino acids
dipeptide: compound formed when two amino acid are condensed
tripeptide: Three amino acids
polypeptide: Ten or more amino acids

Question 23

Protein

Answer 23

When a polypeptide has a molecular weight of 10,000 g/mol or more

Question 24

Alpha Helices

Answer 24

One pattern of folding produces “corkscrew” shapes
are common and often repeated over and over again within a structure

Question 25

Beta sheets

Answer 25

Beta sheets are based on H-bonding between the side chains of different protein chains

Question 26

Protein Structure: Primary structures

Answer 26

order of amino acids

Question 27

Secondary structure

Answer 27

local patterns formed within the protein as it folds up Ex. Beta sheets, Alpha helices

Question 28

Tertiary structure

Answer 28

overall shape – can be Globular: very compact, spherical Tubular: long, stringy Tertiary structure is often held together by disulfide (S-S) bonds

Question 29

Quaternary structure

Answer 29

Hemoglobin subunits

Question 30

Enzymes

Answer 30

are proteins that act as catalysts

Question 31

Enzymes increase reaction rates by how much?

Answer 31

10^12

Question 32

Enzymes work by?

Answer 32

lowering activation energy

Question 33

Simplest/most common catalysts are?

Answer 33

H+ and OH-

Question 34

Acids/Bases catalysts promote the hydrolysis reactions that breakdown

Answer 34

proteins to amino acids, polysaccharides to monosaccharides, and fats to glycerol + fatty acids

Question 35

or digestion, body does not use OH-, but instead uses?

Answer 35

H+ (stomach acid= HCl)

Question 36

In Biochemistry three of the most important types of molecules

Answer 36

Fats, Polysaccharides, and Proteins

Question 37

How are Fats, Polysaccharides, and Proteins formed?

Answer 37

are formed in condensation reactions

Question 38

Protein Denaturation

Answer 38

is the disruption of how a protein is folded A protein must be folded up correctly in order to function

Question 39

Vitamins

Answer 39

organic compounds required in the diet in small amounts for proper functioning

Question 40

Non-polar vitamins that are fat-soluble

Answer 40

A, D, E, and K

Question 41

Polar or water-soluble vitamins are

Answer 41

B vitamins and C

Question 42

Hormones

Answer 42

serve to regulate body function produced in the endocrine glands