Lecture 11

Question 1

Steroid hormones

Answer 1

derived from the (cholesterol framework)
Move across membranes and bind inside the cell
Thyroid hormones is an example

Question 2

Protein/peptide hormones and Catecholamines

Answer 2

Too large/polar to cross membranes
Act on protein receptors at the cell surface which triggers signals to the cell

Question 3

Prohormones

Answer 3

are inactive forms of hormones
Converted to active form by enzymes

Question 4

Detection of Hormones

Answer 4

Hormones are found at much lower concentrations than other clinical analytes
Radioimmunoassay developed in the 1960s are the reference method though being replaced by ELISA Assays

Question 5

Epinephrine (Adrenalin) and Norepinephrine

Answer 5

Both “Fight or flight” hormones
Stimulate lipolysis/glycogenesis, increase heart rate -> making more energy available
both Catecholamine hormones
secreted by Adrenal Medulla

Question 6

Between Epinephrine and Norepinephrine, which is more potent?

Answer 6

Epinephrine it is also more abundant

Question 7

Pituitary Hormones: Types

Answer 7

Growth Hormone (GH), Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH), and Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

Question 8

• What type of hormone are pituitary hormones?

Answer 8

Peptide Hormones

Question 9

What do Pituitary hormones regulate?

Answer 9

Growth and fertility -especially during puberty

Question 10

What does LH trigger

Answer 10

Ovulation

Question 11

What does GH stimulate?

Answer 11

stimulates glycogenesis/lipolysis making more energy available

Question 12

Thyroid hormones

Answer 12

T3 and T4 (aka thyroxine) are thyroid hormones
affects metabolism, growth and activity of other hormones

Question 13

What is T4 considered?

Answer 13

A prohormone
converted to T3 by Thyroglobulin

Question 14

• What are Thyroid hormones similar too?

Answer 14

Steroid hormones
Able to cross cell membrane due to them being non polar

Question 15

TSH

Answer 15

Thyroid stimulating hormone
elevated when T3/T4 is low and needs to produce more

Question 16

Hyperthyroidism

Answer 16

Grave’s disease

Question 17

Hypothyroidism

Answer 17

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

Question 18

Glucocorticoids

Answer 18

steroid hormones that affect glucose metabolism

Question 19

Cortisol

Answer 19

major glucocorticoid
Stimulates glycogenesis/lipolysis and reduces inflammation

Question 20

What is cortisol considered?

Answer 20

the stress hormone b/c stress = elevated levels

Question 21

Mineralocorticoids

Answer 21

Steroid hormones that affect mineral (electrolyte) absorption are called Mineralocorticoids

Question 22

What is a major mineralocorticoids?

Answer 22

Aldosterone

Question 23

Cortisol and Aldosterone both released by what?

Answer 23

Adrenal Cortex

Question 24

Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)

Answer 24

the precursor for both M and F hormones
the most abundant, though not the most potent, steroid hormone

Question 25

Androstenedione

Answer 25

metabolic precursor (prohormone) of testosterone

Question 26

Testosterone

Answer 26

most masculinizing steroid hormone released/formed in the testes

Question 27

Androsterone

Answer 27

metabolic product of testosterone – weaker response to masculinizing

Question 28

Estrogens

Answer 28

Steroid hormones responsible for female characteristics are released/formed in the ovaries

Question 29

Xenobiotic metabolism

Answer 29

Most polar substances -> kidneys Non-polar substances made more polar in 2 phases

Question 30

Xenobiotic Metabolism Phases

Answer 30

Phase 1: Enzymes called Mixed Function Oxidases (MFO) or Cytochrome P450s (CYP) perform a variety of reactions -> more polar Phase 2: Called Conjugation – involves reactions that attach polar groups such as glucuronide or sulfate

Question 31

Acute toxicity

Answer 31

refers to dangers of short-term exposure If you survive you are not at continued risk Example carbon monoxide (CO) or cyanide (CN-) poisoning

Question 32

Long-term toxicity

Answer 32

mostly involves danger from accumulated DNA damage

Question 33

ED 50

Answer 33

effective dose to 50% of those exposed

Question 34

TD 50

Answer 34

toxic dose to 50% of those exposed toxic means some undesirable side effects are seen

Question 35

LD 50

Answer 35

lethal dose to 50% of those exposed

Question 36

Therapeutic Index (TI)

Answer 36

The ratio of TD50/ED 50

Question 37

Ames test

Answer 37

measures how effective a compound is at mutating the DNA of bacteria Bacteria that require the AA histidine are used

Question 38

Ames test result

Answer 38

More toxic compounds = more mutations and more bacterial colonies

Question 39

Pharmoacokinetics

Answer 39

preferred route of drug delivery is ingestion

Question 40

Absorption in the intestine requires that a molecule have?

Answer 40

a moderate polarity a molar mass <500 g/mol

Question 41

Hepatotoxicity

Answer 41

Liver is the body’s detoxing organ at the greatest risk of being damaged by foreign substances

Question 42

Liver enzymes are widely used indicators of what?

Answer 42

exposure to a toxin

Question 43

Chromatography

Answer 43

Technique to separate mixtures containing many compounds Based on a sort of “filtering” of the mixture through a material called the stationary phase

Question 44

Different types of chromatography

Answer 44

Liquid chromatography: Liquid is the mobile phase, solid is the stationary phase Gas Chromatography: Gas is the mobile phase and liquid in contact with solid is the stationary phase. Aids in the detection of drug/alcohol, or their metabolites