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Clinical Chemistry > Lecture 11 > Flashcards

Lecture 11 Flashcards

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1
Q

Steroid hormones

A

derived from the (cholesterol framework)
Move across membranes and bind inside the cell
Thyroid hormones is an example

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2
Q

Protein/peptide hormones and Catecholamines

A

Too large/polar to cross membranes
Act on protein receptors at the cell surface which triggers signals to the cell

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3
Q

Prohormones

A

are inactive forms of hormones
Converted to active form by enzymes

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4
Q

Detection of Hormones

A

Hormones are found at much lower concentrations than other clinical analytes
Radioimmunoassay developed in the 1960s are the reference method though being replaced by ELISA Assays

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5
Q

Epinephrine (Adrenalin) and Norepinephrine

A

Both “Fight or flight” hormones
Stimulate lipolysis/glycogenesis, increase heart rate -> making more energy available
both Catecholamine hormones
secreted by Adrenal Medulla

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6
Q

Between Epinephrine and Norepinephrine, which is more potent?

A

Epinephrine it is also more abundant

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7
Q

Pituitary Hormones: Types

A

Growth Hormone (GH), Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH), and Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

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8
Q
  • What type of hormone are pituitary hormones?
A

Peptide Hormones

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9
Q

What do Pituitary hormones regulate?

A

Growth and fertility -especially during puberty

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10
Q

What does LH trigger

A

Ovulation

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11
Q

What does GH stimulate?

A

stimulates glycogenesis/lipolysis making more energy available

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12
Q

Thyroid hormones

A

T3 and T4 (aka thyroxine) are thyroid hormones
affects metabolism, growth and activity of other hormones

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13
Q

What is T4 considered?

A

A prohormone
converted to T3 by Thyroglobulin

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14
Q
  • What are Thyroid hormones similar too?
A

Steroid hormones
Able to cross cell membrane due to them being non polar

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15
Q

TSH

A

Thyroid stimulating hormone
elevated when T3/T4 is low and needs to produce more

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16
Q

Hyperthyroidism

A

Grave’s disease

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17
Q

Hypothyroidism

A

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

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18
Q

Glucocorticoids

A

steroid hormones that affect glucose metabolism

19
Q

Cortisol

A

major glucocorticoid
Stimulates glycogenesis/lipolysis and reduces inflammation

20
Q

What is cortisol considered?

A

the stress hormone b/c stress = elevated levels

21
Q

Mineralocorticoids

A

Steroid hormones that affect mineral (electrolyte) absorption are called Mineralocorticoids

22
Q

What is a major mineralocorticoids?

A

Aldosterone

23
Q

Cortisol and Aldosterone both released by what?

A

Adrenal Cortex

24
Q

Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)

A

the precursor for both M and F hormones
the most abundant, though not the most potent, steroid hormone

25
Q

Androstenedione

A

metabolic precursor (prohormone) of testosterone

26
Q

Testosterone

A

most masculinizing steroid hormone released/formed in the testes

27
Q

Androsterone

A

metabolic product of testosterone – weaker response to masculinizing

28
Q

Estrogens

A

Steroid hormones responsible for female characteristics are released/formed in the ovaries

29
Q

Xenobiotic metabolism

A

Most polar substances -> kidneys
Non-polar substances made more polar in 2 phases

30
Q

Xenobiotic Metabolism Phases

A

Phase 1: Enzymes called Mixed Function Oxidases (MFO) or Cytochrome P450s (CYP) perform a variety of reactions -> more polar
Phase 2: Called Conjugation – involves reactions that attach polar groups such as glucuronide or sulfate

31
Q

Acute toxicity

A

refers to dangers of short-term exposure
If you survive you are not at continued risk
Example carbon monoxide (CO) or cyanide (CN-) poisoning

32
Q

Long-term toxicity

A

mostly involves danger from accumulated DNA damage

33
Q

ED 50

A

effective dose to 50% of those exposed

34
Q

TD 50

A

toxic dose to 50% of those exposed
toxic means some undesirable side effects are seen

35
Q

LD 50

A

lethal dose to 50% of those exposed

36
Q

Therapeutic Index (TI)

A

The ratio of TD50/ED 50

37
Q

Ames test

A

measures how effective a compound is at mutating the DNA of bacteria
Bacteria that require the AA histidine are used

38
Q

Ames test result

A

More toxic compounds = more mutations and more bacterial colonies

39
Q

Pharmoacokinetics

A

preferred route of drug delivery is ingestion

40
Q

Absorption in the intestine requires that a molecule have?

A

a moderate polarity
a molar mass <500 g/mol

41
Q

Hepatotoxicity

A

Liver is the body’s detoxing organ
at the greatest risk of being damaged by foreign substances

42
Q

Liver enzymes are widely used indicators of what?

A

exposure to a toxin

43
Q

Chromatography

A

Technique to separate mixtures containing many compounds
Based on a sort of “filtering” of the mixture through a material called the stationary phase

44
Q

Different types of chromatography

A

Liquid chromatography: Liquid is the mobile phase, solid is the stationary phase
Gas Chromatography: Gas is the mobile phase and liquid in contact with solid is the stationary phase. Aids in the detection of drug/alcohol, or their metabolites

Clinical Chemistry (11 decks)

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