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Clinical Chemistry > Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the difference between and single beam and double beam Spectrophotometers?

A

Double beam has a chopper that splits the light into 2 different portions into 2 separate cuvette.

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2
Q

What is the advantage of a double beam Spectrophotometers?

A

equivalent to having two identical spectrophotometers: one for measuring I and one for Io
This allows Abs values to be collected at different wavelengths without needing to rescan
allows for quick collection of an Absorption spectrum

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3
Q

Spectrophotometer with aphotodiode array detector

A

Light is not separated into different wavelengths until after it goes through sample
Monochromator positioned after the light has passed through sample

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4
Q

why does Spectrophotometer with a diode laser light source does not need a monochromator?

A

Laser puts out light that is such a narrow range of wavelengths it is often described as a single wavelength

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5
Q

What is the advantage of a Spectrophotometer with a diode laser light source?

A

small inexpensive spectrophotometers

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6
Q

What is the disadvantage of a Spectrophotometer with a diode laser light source?

A

the instrument can only measure at the wavelength or wavelengths that it has laser lines at

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7
Q

Bandpass

A

The range of wavelengths that are measured together as a group in a spectrophotometer

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8
Q

Osmoles

A

all of the moles that contribute to osmotic pressure

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9
Q

Which compounds can dissolve into ions

A

Acids and ionic compounds
Not molecular compounds

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10
Q

Hypertonic solution

A

cell in a hypertonic solution, lower concentration ions in cell
H20 leaves cell
Cell shrivels like a raisin

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11
Q

Hypotonic solution

A

higher concentration of ions inside cell
H2O enters cell
Cell inflates and bursts

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12
Q

Osmolarity

A

refers to the number of solute particles per 1 L of solvent
Temperature dependent
Osmolarity = osmoles/liter

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13
Q

Osmolality

A

refers to the number of solute particles in 1 kg of solvent
Independent of freezing point depression

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14
Q

Freezing point depression

A

T=Kfm

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15
Q

Serum Osmotic Gap

A

Measured Osmolality – Estimated Osmolarity

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16
Q

Measured Osmolality

A

Measured by T/Kf

17
Q

Estimated Osmolarity

A

2*sodium (most important)
Glucose
BUN
Measured in in routine blood tests

18
Q

Abnormally high blood osmolality

A

dehydration, hypernatremia
head trauma
hyperglycemia, diabetes insipidus
uremia
poisoning from ethanol, ethylene glycol, or methanol
accumulation of toxins in the patient’s blood

19
Q

Abnormally low blood osmolality

A

excess fluid intake or over hydration, hyponatremia/ or low blood sodium,
paraneoplastic syndromes; a type of disorder that affects some people with cancer,
syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion (Anti-Diuretic Hormone)

20
Q

Serum Osmotic Gap: Facts

A

Values up to 10 are borderline normal
normal gap reflects all other substances that are dissolved in the serum but that are not routinely measured

21
Q

Serum Osmotic Gap: Over

A

Values >10 reflect dissolved substances of low molecular weight- such as:
Drinking alcohol, Solvents from poisoning

22
Q

Sodium ions

A

The major extra cellular cation
Absorbed passively and excess- excreted by kidneys
Parallels Cl- concentration in healthy individuals
affected by diarrhea/vomiting, excessive sweating

23
Q

Potassium ions

A

K+ higher inside cells

24
Q

High K+ in blood (outside reference range) can indicate

A

Renal failure
Releases K+ creating false high K+ levels
Poor technique in blood collection, sample not centrifuged within timely fashion

25
Q

Chloride ion

A

Major extracellular anion
Counterion to maintain charge balance
Most dietary chloride is absorbed

26
Q

Cystic fibrosis

A

high sodium and chloride levels in sweat indicate CF

27
Q

pilocarpine

A

Can induse intense sweating
used to diagnose acidosis/alkalosis

28
Q

Respiratory Acidosis

A

result of the retention of CO2

29
Q

Chronic Metabolic Acidosis

A

result of the production of organic acids at a faster rate than they can be metabolized fully

30
Q

Metabolic acidosis

A

hyperchloremia (high Cl-) without hypernatremia (high Na+)

31
Q

Metabolic alkalosis

A

hypochloremia (low Cl-) without hyponatremia (low Na+)

32
Q

Anion gap

A

Na+ + K+ - Cl- - HCO3-
Total positive charge = Total negative charge
used as a check that electrolyte levels are all in a normal balance without actually measuring all of them

33
Q

Dilution factors

A

Ratios of total volume of solution to volume of solution that was diluted containing substance of interest

34
Q

% Concentration Units

A

All are ratios of the amount of dissolved substance to the total mass or volume of the solution

Clinical Chemistry (11 decks)

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