Lecture 2 Flashcards
What is the difference between and single beam and double beam Spectrophotometers?
Double beam has a chopper that splits the light into 2 different portions into 2 separate cuvette.
What is the advantage of a double beam Spectrophotometers?
equivalent to having two identical spectrophotometers: one for measuring I and one for Io
This allows Abs values to be collected at different wavelengths without needing to rescan
allows for quick collection of an Absorption spectrum
Spectrophotometer with aphotodiode array detector
Light is not separated into different wavelengths until after it goes through sample
Monochromator positioned after the light has passed through sample
why does Spectrophotometer with a diode laser light source does not need a monochromator?
Laser puts out light that is such a narrow range of wavelengths it is often described as a single wavelength
What is the advantage of a Spectrophotometer with a diode laser light source?
small inexpensive spectrophotometers
What is the disadvantage of a Spectrophotometer with a diode laser light source?
the instrument can only measure at the wavelength or wavelengths that it has laser lines at
Bandpass
The range of wavelengths that are measured together as a group in a spectrophotometer
Osmoles
all of the moles that contribute to osmotic pressure
Which compounds can dissolve into ions
Acids and ionic compounds
Not molecular compounds
Hypertonic solution
cell in a hypertonic solution, lower concentration ions in cell
H20 leaves cell
Cell shrivels like a raisin
Hypotonic solution
higher concentration of ions inside cell
H2O enters cell
Cell inflates and bursts
Osmolarity
refers to the number of solute particles per 1 L of solvent
Temperature dependent
Osmolarity = osmoles/liter
Osmolality
refers to the number of solute particles in 1 kg of solvent
Independent of freezing point depression
Freezing point depression
T=Kfm
Serum Osmotic Gap
Measured Osmolality – Estimated Osmolarity
Measured Osmolality
Measured by T/Kf
Estimated Osmolarity
2*sodium (most important)
Glucose
BUN
Measured in in routine blood tests
Abnormally high blood osmolality
dehydration, hypernatremia
head trauma
hyperglycemia, diabetes insipidus
uremia
poisoning from ethanol, ethylene glycol, or methanol
accumulation of toxins in the patient’s blood
Abnormally low blood osmolality
excess fluid intake or over hydration, hyponatremia/ or low blood sodium,
paraneoplastic syndromes; a type of disorder that affects some people with cancer,
syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion (Anti-Diuretic Hormone)
Serum Osmotic Gap: Facts
Values up to 10 are borderline normal
normal gap reflects all other substances that are dissolved in the serum but that are not routinely measured
Serum Osmotic Gap: Over
Values >10 reflect dissolved substances of low molecular weight- such as:
Drinking alcohol, Solvents from poisoning
Sodium ions
The major extra cellular cation
Absorbed passively and excess- excreted by kidneys
Parallels Cl- concentration in healthy individuals
affected by diarrhea/vomiting, excessive sweating
Potassium ions
K+ higher inside cells
High K+ in blood (outside reference range) can indicate
Renal failure
Releases K+ creating false high K+ levels
Poor technique in blood collection, sample not centrifuged within timely fashion
Chloride ion
Major extracellular anion
Counterion to maintain charge balance
Most dietary chloride is absorbed
Cystic fibrosis
high sodium and chloride levels in sweat indicate CF
pilocarpine
Can induse intense sweating
used to diagnose acidosis/alkalosis
Respiratory Acidosis
result of the retention of CO2
Chronic Metabolic Acidosis
result of the production of organic acids at a faster rate than they can be metabolized fully
Metabolic acidosis
hyperchloremia (high Cl-) without hypernatremia (high Na+)
Metabolic alkalosis
hypochloremia (low Cl-) without hyponatremia (low Na+)
Anion gap
Na+ + K+ - Cl- - HCO3-
Total positive charge = Total negative charge
used as a check that electrolyte levels are all in a normal balance without actually measuring all of them
Dilution factors
Ratios of total volume of solution to volume of solution that was diluted containing substance of interest
% Concentration Units
All are ratios of the amount of dissolved substance to the total mass or volume of the solution
