Lecture 5 Flashcards
Chelate
Some ligands can form multiple bonds
ligands
transitional metals form complexes with molecules or ions
Biuret Reagent
Measures total protein by reacting with peptide bonds
most common automated method
Refractive index
how much a liquid bends light
Dissolved substances change refractive index
Hemoglobin (Hb)
Globular (soluble) protein
Found in red blood cells
What does Hb contain?
Contains heme prosthetic groups
Each hemoglobin four heme sites to bind O2
Also participates in CO2 transport
What happens when O2 binds to Hb?
Fe2+ -> Fe3+ when O2 binds
Prosthetic groups
something extra that is added to a protein that is necessary for its functionality
Heme is an example
Methemoglobin
Oxidized form of hemoglobin
Fe2+ -> Fe3+ has occurred without binding O2
Methemoglobinemia
High levels of methemoglobin
Blood turns bluish-brown
Treated with methylene blue therapy
Cyanmethemoglobin
Methemoglobin can react with CN- to form a very stable compound Cyanmethemoglobin
used to analyze the hemoglobin content of blood
Carboxyhemoglobin
Hemoglobin has much higher affinity for carbon monoxide (CO) than it has for O2
HbO2 + CO -> Hb-CO + O2
Le Chatelier’s Principle
high [O2] shifts reaction towards HbO2
low [O2] shifts reaction towards Hb + O2
Bohr Effect
O2 affinity decreases with increasing CO2
high CO2 triggers the release of bound O2
It is as if hemoglobin “feels” that it should release the O2 when it reaches the cells that need it the most
Haldane effect
O2 removal enhances hemoglobin’s affinity for CO2
RBC lifespan
120 days
What does heme become as hemoglobin degrades?
Bilirubin
What do the proteins in hemoglobin become when it degrades?
Amino Acids
Forms of Hemoglobin
A1 (A), A2, F (Fetal)
Which form of hemoglobin is most common?
A1
What happens to F hemoglobin in adults?
phased out with growth
Fetus -> babies -> adults (less 1 %)
Hemoglobinopathies
mutant forms of hemoglobin produced
Anemia
low Hb levels caused by bleeding, RBC destruction, or insufficient production as in thalassemia
Thalassemias
group of genetic diseases with insufficient production of particular (, , ) globin chains
Myoglobin
Found in muscles - stores O2
Only has 1 heme (binds 1 O2)
Bence-Jones protein
protein is found in the urine of many multiple myeloma patients
Should not be in urine
