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Block 1: Neuroscience > Lecture 9 > Flashcards

Lecture 9 Flashcards

1
Q

(Week 3) Lateral Edges of Neural Plate (in front of primitive node) become?

A

Neural Folds

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2
Q

Notochord and Paraxial Mesenchyme causes?

A

Ectoderm to form Neural Plate

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3
Q

(Week 3) Neural Tube?

A

Forms CNS

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4
Q

(Week 3) Neural Crest?

A

Forms PNS and ANS

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5
Q

(Week 4) Neural plate forms?

A

Neural tube and neural crest cells (Neural tube becomes CNS) (Neural crest cells become PNS and ANS)

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6
Q

Cranial 2/3 of neural plate and tube become?

A

(As far caudal as 4th pair of somite’s)
Future Brain

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7
Q

Caudal 1/3 of neural plate and tube become?

A

Spinal Cord

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8
Q

Neural Folds fuses opposite of?

A

4th-6th somite’s forming neural tube (open at both ends (Cranial/Rostral Neuropore: closes ~25 days) (Caudal Neuropore: closes ~27 days)

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9
Q

(Neural Folds) Cranial/Rostral Neuropore closes?

A

~25 days

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10
Q

(Neural Folds)
Caudal Neuropore closes?

A

~27 days

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11
Q

(Spinal Cord Development)
Caudal 1/3 of neural plate and tube becomes?

A

Spinal Cord

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12
Q

(Spinal Cord Development)
Lateral walls of neural tube thicken?

A

Decreasing neural canal size

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13
Q

(Spinal Cord Development)
Initially, walls of neural tube are composed of?

A

Thick pseudo stratified columnar neuroepithelium

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14
Q

(Spinal Cord)
Proliferation and differentiation of neuroepithelial produce?

A

-Thick Walls
-Thin Roof and Floor Plates

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15
Q

(Spinal Cord)
Sulcus Limitans?

A

-Differential thickening of lateral walls
-Separates alar and basal plate

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16
Q

(Spinal Cord)
Neuroepithelial cells constitute?

A

-Intermediate (Mantle) Zone
-Ventricular Zone (ependymal cells)
-Marginal Zone

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17
Q

(Spinal Cord)
Intermediate (Mantle) Zone?

A

-Contains Alar and Basal Plates
-Gray Matter

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18
Q

(Spinal Cord)
Ventricular Zone (ependymal cells)?

A

(Gives rise to all (in the spinal cord))
-Macroglial Cells
-Neurons

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19
Q

(Spinal Cord)
Marginal Zone?

A

(Consists of outer parts of neuroepithelial cells)
-Becomes white matter

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20
Q

Neuroepithelial cells in the ventricular zone differentiate into?

A

Primordial neurons (neuroblasts)

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21
Q

Neuroblasts become?

A

Neurons as they develop cytoplasmic processes

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22
Q

Alar plate is responsible for ______ neurons and forms _____ horn of spinal cord?

A

Sensory; Dorsal

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23
Q

(Spinal Nerve Formation)
Cells from Doral Rami –>?

A

Dorsal Rami –> Spinal Nerve –> Dorsal Root Ganglia –> Dorsal Roots –> Dorsal Horn

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24
Q

(Spinal Nerve Formation)
Cells from Ventral Horn –>?

A

Cells from Ventral Horn –> Ventral Roots –> Spinal Nerve –> Ventral Rami

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25
Q

(Spinal Nerve and Vertebral Column)
Conus Medullaris (end of spinal cord)?

A

Ends at:
-Birth: L3
-Adults: L1-L2

26
Q

(Spinal Nerve and Vertebral Column)
Myelination?

A

-Schwann Cells: PNS
(Derived from neural crest cells)
-Oligodendrocytes CNS
(Derived from neural tube)

27
Q

(Neural Tube defects (NTD))
There are multiple sites of closure of neural tube. Failure of closure leads to?

A

-Spina bifida cystica
-Meroencephaly (anencephaly)
-Craniorachischisis
(Folic Acid Fortification)

28
Q

(Neural Tube defects (NTD))
Spina Bifida?

A

(Spina Bifida Occulta (most common))
(Spina Bifida Cystics (meningeal cysts))
-Spina Bifida Meningocele
-Spina Bifida Meningomyelocele (more common and severe than meningocele)
-Spina Bifida Myeloschisis (most severe types)

29
Q

(Neural Tube defects (NTD))
Spina Bifida Occulta?

A

(most common)
-Neural arche(s) failed to fuse in median plan (Unfused Arch)
-Most commonly occurs at L5 and S1
-Presents with small dimple and tufted hair (or lipoma, dermal sinus etc.)

30
Q

(Neural Tube defects (NTD))
(Spina Bifida Cystica (meningeal cysts))
Spina Bifida Meningocele?

A

-Unfused Arch
-Meninges

31
Q

(Neural Tube defects (NTD))
(Spina Bifida Cystica (meningeal cysts))
Spina Bifida Meningomyelocele?

A

(more common and severe than meningocele)
-Unfused Arch
-Meninges
-Spinal Cord

32
Q

(Neural Tube defects (NTD))
(Spina Bifida Cystica (meningeal cysts))
Spina Bifida Myeloschisis?

A

(most severe type)
-Spinal Cord is open
-Neural folds failed to close
-Results in permanent paralysis or weakness in lower limbs

33
Q

(Dermal Sinus)
Birth Defect?

A

Failure of surface ectoderm to detach from neuroectoderm and meninges that envelop it

34
Q

(Dermal Sinus)
Meninges become continuous with a narrow channel?

A

Extends to a dimple on skin in sacral region

35
Q

(Dermal Sinus)
Dimple indicates?

A

(Region of closure of caudal neuropore)
-Last place of separation between Surface ectoderm and neural tube

36
Q

Caudal Neuropore closes roughly at?

A

End of 4th week

37
Q

Spinal Cord ends at ____ for newborns and myelination of ganglion surrounding spinal cord are due to cells derived from where?

A

L3; Neural Crest

38
Q

(Development of Brain)
Develops in 3rd week when neural plate and tube are developing from?

A

Neuroectoderm

39
Q

(Development of Brain)
Neural Tube, cranial to 4th pair of somites, develops into?

A

Brain

40
Q

(Development of Brain)
Fusion of neural folds in cranial region and closure of rostral neuropore forms 3 vesicles?

A

-Forebrain (prosencephalon)
-Midbrain (mesencephalon)
-Hindbrain (rhombencephalon)

41
Q

(Brain Vesicles and Ventricles)
Wall of neural tube becomes?

A

Brain

42
Q

(Brain Vesicles and Ventricles)
Lumen of neural tube becomes?

A

Brain Ventricles (CSF formed here)

43
Q

(Brain Vesicles and Ventricles)
Neuroepithelial cells give rise to?

A

-Macroglial cells
-CNS

44
Q

Microglia?

A

-Originate from mesenchymal cells
-Enters CNS via blood vessels

45
Q

(Pituitary Gland Development)
Neurohypophysial Diverticulum?

A

-Neuroectodermal down growth from diencephalon
-Forms neurohypophysis

46
Q

(Pituitary Gland Development)
Hypophysical Diverticulum?

A

-Ectodermal upgrowth from stomodeum
-Forms adenohypophysis (Rathke’s Pouch)

47
Q

(Myelencephalon and 4th Ventricle)
Pontine Flexure?

A

Divides Hindbrain into:
-Metencephalon (Pons) (Cerebellum)
-Myelencephalon (Medulla)
(Flexure causes thinning of roof of 4th ventricle)

48
Q

(Cranial Nerve Nuclei)
Special Somatic Afferents?

A

Sense of balance and gravity

49
Q

(Cranial Nerve Nuclei)
Special Visceral Efferents?

A

Skeletal muscles of branchial arch origin

50
Q

(Metencephalon and 4th Ventricle)
Metencephalon?

A

-Ventral Portion: Pons
-Dorsal Portion: Cerebellum

51
Q

(Metencephalon and 4th Ventricle)
Roof of 4th Ventricle?

A

Choroid Plexus:
-CSF flows subarachnoid space via 3 foramina (Foramen of Luschka (2)) (Foramen of Magendie (1))

52
Q

Mesencephalon?

A

-Cranial to pontine flexure (thus, no thinning of roof)
-Cranial most extent of sulcus limitans
-Lumen (cerebral aqueduct)

53
Q

Diencephalon?

A

(Lateral walls of Diencephalon contain:)
-Thalamus, Hypothalamus and Epithalamus
(All these nuclei are composed of:)
-Derived Alar Lamina Association Cells
(Lumen:)
-3rd Ventricle (Rostral wall is formed by lamina terminals (cranial-most end of original neural tube)

54
Q

Telencephalon?

A

(Telencephalon forms:)
-Cerebral Hemispheres
-Lateral Ventricles
(Telencephalon form as:)
-Lateral diverticula of original neural tube
(In cerebral hemispheres:)
-Wall of neural tube things (leading to formation of choroid plexus in floor and medial walls of lateral ventricles/Roof of 3rd ventricle)

55
Q

Pontine Flexure divides which structure?
This structure also contains which ventricle?

A

Hindbrain; 4th Ventricle

56
Q

(Cranium Bifidum)
Cranial Meningocele?

A

Meninges with CSF

57
Q

(Cranium Bifidum)
Meningoencephalocele?

A

-Meninges with CSF
-Portion of Cerebellum

58
Q

(Cranium Bifidum)
Meningohydroencephalocele?

A

-Meninges with CSF
-Portion of Occipital Lobe
-Portion of posterior horn of lateral ventricle

59
Q

(Other Disorders)
Hydrocephalus?

A

-Imbalance between production and absorption of CSF (leading to excess CSF in ventricles)
-Significant enlargement of head
-Rare cases: Increased production of CSF via choroid plexus adenoma

60
Q

(Other Disorders)
Meroencephaly?

A

-Defect of calvaria and brain (failure of rostral neuropore to close at end of 4th week)
-Forebrain, midbrain, most of hindbrain and calvaria are absent
-Exencephaly (brain exposed or extruding from cranium) (nervous tissue degenerates)

61
Q

(Other Disorders)
Microcephaly?

A

-Reduction in brain growth (without affecting brain structure)
-Calvaria and brain are small (face is normal size)

Block 1: Neuroscience (15 decks)

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