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Block 1: Neuroscience > Lecture 6 > Flashcards

Lecture 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Gases - Nitric Oxide (NO)?

A

-Synthesized from Arginine via NO Synthase (NOS) on demand
-NOT stored in vesicles
-Released via diffusion (not exocytosis)
-NO receptors

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2
Q

Gases - Nitric Oxide (NO) Functions?

A

1) Retrograde signaling
2) Increase cGMP –> regulates Ca2+ homeostasis
3) Rapid signaling

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3
Q

Gases - Carbon Monoxide (CO)

A

-Synthesized from heme via heme oxygenase (HO) (heme –> biliverdin)
-NOT stored in vesicles
-Released via diffusion (not exocytosis)
-NO receptors

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4
Q

Gases - Carbon Monoxide (CO) Functions?

A

1) Retrograde signaling
2) Regulates cGMP –> mediates smooth muscle contraction
3) Rapid signaling

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5
Q

Growth Factors - BDNF and NGF?

A

-Constitutively synthesized and released from:
1) Soma
2) Dendrites
-Synthesized/released after depolarization at:
1) Soma
2) Dendrites
3) Nerve terminals
-Mediated interactions with low affinity and high affinity receptors

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6
Q

(Growth Factors - BDNF and NGF)
Constitutively synthesized and released from?

A

1) Soma
2) Dendrites

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7
Q

(Growth Factors - BDNF and NGF) Synthesized/released after depolarization at?

A

1) Soma
2) Dendrites
3) Nerve terminals

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8
Q

Growth Factors - BDNF?

A

-Effects:
1) Neurogenesis (making new cells)
2) Excitability
3) Brain connectivity

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9
Q

(Growth Factors - BDNF)
Too much?

A

Affects plasticity and may affect learning

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10
Q

(Growth Factors - BDNF)
Too little?

A

Affects plasticity and linked to increased depressive episodes

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11
Q

(Small Molecule Neurotransmitters)
Acetylcholine?

A

-Synthesized from choline + acetyl CoA by enzyme choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)
-Action terminated: hydrolysis by AChE

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12
Q

(Small Molecule Neurotransmitters)
Acetylcholine Indicated Effects and Rate-Limiting Synthetic Step?

A

-Indicated Effects: Involved in muscle movement as well as neuronal plasticity and memory
-Rate-Limiting Synthetic Step is high affinity choline uptake (Na+ dependent)

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13
Q

(Small Molecule Neurotransmitters)
Acetylcholine too much and too little?

A

-Too much: Muscle contractions (ex. black widow venom
-Too little: Paralysis (ex. curare and botulism toxin)

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14
Q

(Small Molecule Neurotransmitters)
Acetylcholine Cholinergic Circuits?

A

1) Basal forebrain neurons
(Degenerate in Alzheimer’s) (less of neurons)
2) Brainstem neurons (Induces REM) (positive)

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15
Q

ACh Neurons degenerate in Alzheimer’s disease. How would you target this pathway to help maintain its activity?

A

AChE Inhibitor

(Less AChE at cleft) (Get rid of enzyme that is terminating action)

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16
Q

(Small Molecule Neurotransmitters)
Serotonin (5-HT)?

A

-Synthesized from tryptophan by enzyme tryptophan hydroxylase
-Action terminated:
1) Reuptake into presynaptic terminal
2) Catabolized by MAO-A
-Rate-Limiting Synthetic Step is Tryptophan Hydroxylase

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17
Q

(Small Molecule Neurotransmitters)
Serotonin (5-HT)
Indicated Effects?

A

1) Mood control
2) Homeostasis
3) Circadian rhythms
4) Motor behaviors
5) Appetite and digestion (90% of serotonin is found in intestine)
6) State of mental arousal

18
Q

(Small Molecule Neurotransmitters)
Serotonin (5-HT) too much and too little?

A

-Too much: Serotonin syndrome (confusion, twitching and trembling, dilated pupils, shivering, goosebumps, headache)
-Too little: Schizophrenia, depression, sleep changes

19
Q

(Small Molecule Neurotransmitters)
Serotonin (5-HT)
Serotonergic Circuits?

A

1) Caudal Raphe Nucleus
2) Rostral Raphe Nucleus

20
Q

Schizophrenia can be caused by?

A

-Too MUCH Dopamine
-Too LITTLE Serotonin

21
Q

(Small Molecule Neurotransmitters)
Dopamine (DA)?

A

-Synthesized from tyrosine by enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase
-Action terminated:
1) Reuptake into pre/post-synaptic terminal
-Rate-Limiting Synthetic Step is tyrosine hydroxylase

22
Q

(Small Molecule Neurotransmitters)
Dopamine (DA) too much and too little?

A

-Too much: Schizophrenia
-Too little: Parkinson’s disease

23
Q

(Small Molecule Neurotransmitters)
Dopamine (DA) Dopaminergic Circuits?

A

1) Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA)
-Important for goal-oriented/reward behaviors
-Activated by drugs of abuse
2) Substantia Nigra
-Degenerate in Parkinson’s disease
-Control posture and movement

24
Q

(Motivation: Wanting vs. Liking) Serotonin?

A

-Key factor in liking
-Mood stabilizer, wellbeing, happiness

25
Q

(Motivation: Wanting vs. Liking) Dopamine?

A

-Key factor in wanting
-Motivational role in Brain’s reward system

26
Q

(Small Molecule Neurotransmitters) Norepinephrine (NE)?

A

-Dopamine synthesized from tyrosine by enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase
-Dopamine transported into vesicle by VMAT2
-Dopamine beta-hydroxylation (DbetaH) to NE
-Action Terminated:
1) Reuptake into pre-synaptic terminal
2) Catabolized by MAG-A and COMT
-Rate-Limiting Synthetic Step is tyrosine hydroxylase

27
Q

NE stems from another neurotransmitter?

A

Dopamine

28
Q

(Small Molecule Neurotransmitters) Norepinephrine (NE)
Indicated Effects?

A

1) Influences sleep and wakefulness
2) Alertness/attention (“fight or flight”)
3) Arousal
4) Readiness for action

29
Q

(Small Molecule Neurotransmitters) Norepinephrine (NE) too much and too little?

A

-Too much: Increased BP, anxiety, sweating, headaches
-Too little: lethargy, lack of focus, depression

30
Q

(Small Molecule Neurotransmitters) Norepinephrine (NE)
Noradrenergic Circuits?

A

1) Locus Coeruleus

31
Q

(Small Molecule Neurotransmitters) Glutamate (Glu)?

A

-Dopamine synthesized from glutamine by enzyme glutaminase
-Transported into vesicle by VGLUT
-Action terminated:
1) Sodium-dependent uptake into neurons and astrocytes (Excitatory amino acid transporter (EAAT))
-Rate-Limiting Synthetic Step is Glutaminase

32
Q

(Small Molecule Neurotransmitters) Glutamate (Glu)
Glutaminergic Circuits?

A

Widespread

33
Q

(Small Molecule Neurotransmitters) Glutamate (Glu)
Indicated Effects?

A

1) Main excitatory neurotransmitter
2) Role in synaptic plasticity, learning and memory
3) Important role in seizures

34
Q

(Small Molecule Neurotransmitters) Glutamate (Glu) too much and too little?

A

-Too much: excitotoxicity and seizures
-Too little: psychosis, coma and death

35
Q

(Small Molecule Neurotransmitters)
GABA?

A

-GABA synthesized from glutamate by enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD)
-Action terminated:
1) Sodium-depends uptake into neurons and astrocytes (GABA transporter (GAT))
2) Catabolized by GABA transaminase
-Rate-Limiting Step is Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase (GAD)

36
Q

(Small Molecule Neurotransmitters) GABA Indicated Effects?

A

1) Main inhibitory neurotransmitter
2) Motor control and vision
3) Anxiolytic, Anticonvulsant
4) Pain

37
Q

(Small Molecule Neurotransmitters) GABA Circuits?

A

Widespread

38
Q

(Small Molecule Neurotransmitters) GABA too much and too little?

A

-Too much: over-sedation, over-relaxing of muscles including heart and respiration
-Too little: Anxiety, seizures

39
Q

GABA is opposite of?

A

Glutamate

40
Q

Clinical Applications?

A

-Baclofen (Lioresal) (Agonist of GABAb receptors) (relax muscles, improves movement and relieves pain)
-Ketamine (Antagonist of NMDA (Glutamate) receptor) (numbing of pain and sedation, feeling of distance from body)

Block 1: Neuroscience (15 decks)

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