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Block 1: Neuroscience > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS) includes?

A

Brain, Spinal Cord and neural portions of the eye

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2
Q

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) consists of?

A

Peripheral Nerves, nerve endings and peripheral nerve ganglia

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3
Q

CNS and PNS both include the same 2 basic cell types?

A

Neurons and Glia/supporting cells

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4
Q

Cells in the Brain (CNS)?

A

Neurons
Glia
Endothelial Cells (brain capillary)
Ependymal (Epithelial-like cells)

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5
Q

1) Nissl bodies?

A

Ribosomes and rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER)

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6
Q

2) Lipofuscin pigment?

A

“Age Pigament” lysosomes with degradation products (residual body)

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7
Q

Dendrites?

A

-Extensions of cell soma (contain all proteins/organelles found in soma)
-Many, ramified, spiny, taper as branch
-Increase surface area of neuron for reception
-Not myelinated

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8
Q

Axons?

A

-One, straight, no spines, no taper
-Conduct action potential
-No Nissl bodies (ex. Axon Hillock)
-Can be myelinated

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9
Q

3 Types of Neurons?

A

1) Bipolar Neuron
2) Pseudo-unipolar Neuron
3) Multipolar Neuron

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10
Q

Bipolar Neuron?

A

-Single axon emerges from either side of body
-Found in sensory structures such as the retina, olfactory epithelium, and the vestibular and auditory systems

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11
Q

Pseudounipolar Neuron?

A

-Single axon divides a short distance from body
-Divides into 2 branches: Peripheral Branch (carries information from periphery) and Central Branch (ends in spinal cord or brainstem)
-These cells found in sensory ganglia of cranial and spinal nerves

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12
Q

Multipolar Neuron?

A

-Many dendrites and a single long axon emerge from cell body
-Ex: pyramidal cell of cerebral cortex and Purkinje cell of cerebellar cortex

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13
Q

Neuronal Function (Unique Properties of Neurons)?

A

1) Conduct electrochemical signals after impulses are received on dendrites or cell body
2) Neurons possess unique connections between cells: which are synapses

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14
Q

Direction of Information Flow?

A

Dendrites —> Soma —> Axon —> Synapse

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15
Q

Neuronal Cytoskeleton?

A

(Neuronal Cytoskeleton is a non-membranous organelle made up of 3 types of protein filaments:)
1) Microtubules
2) Intermediate Filaments
3) Microfilaments

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16
Q

3 Types of Protein Filaments?

A

1) Microtubules (25 nm in diameter and composed of tubulin)
2) Intermediate Filaments (10 nm in diameter and composed of neuro filament (light,medium and heavy))
3) Microfilaments (3-5 nm in diameter and composed of actin)

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17
Q

1) Microtubules and Motor Proteins?

A

-Kinesin
-Dynein

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18
Q

Kinesin?

A

Mediates anterograde (away from cell or centrosome) transport

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19
Q

Dynein?

A

Mediates retrograde transport (towards the cell or centrosome) also role in ciliary and flagellar movement

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20
Q

Axonal Transport?

A

Neurons synthesize and transport neurotransmitters and related precursor substances

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21
Q

Kinesin and Dynein?

A

Axonal Cytoskeleton and Motor Proteins (bidirectional transport of molecules along axon) (Both use ATP to move along microtubule)

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22
Q

Kinesin mediates anterograde transport?

A

Movement of organelles, vesicles, and neurotransmitters from soma (minus end) to synapse (plus end)

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23
Q

Dynein mediates retrograde transport?

A

-Movement of organelles, vesicles, and neurotransmitters from synapse (plus end) to soma (minus end)
-Also plays a role in ciliary and flagellar movement
-Potential entry of harmful substances

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24
Q

Retrograde Transport?

A

Potential entry of harmful substances (ex. viruses) from periphery to neuronal cell body

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25
Q

Neurons may be classified based on?

A

Chemical nature of transmitter located within their synaptic vesicles

26
Q

Neurotransmitters are stored in the?

A

Axon Terminal and released at a synapse

27
Q

Release of a neurotransmitter is result of?

A

Membrane Depolarization

28
Q

Axosomatic Synapse?

A

An axon terminal ending on soma of a neuron

29
Q

Axoaxonic Synapse?

A

An axon terminal contacting another axon terminal

30
Q

Axodendritic Synapse?

A

An axon ending on a dendrite

31
Q

Axospinous Synapse?

A

An axon terminal facing a dendritic spine

32
Q

Peripheral Neuroglia in PNS?

A

Schwann
Satellite
Other cells associated with specific organs

33
Q

Central Neuroglia in CNS?

A

Astrocytes
Oligodendrocytes
Microglia
Ependymal cells

34
Q

Only half the volume of brain is occupied by?

A

Neurons

35
Q

Other half of brain volume is occupied by?

A

Neuroglia/Glia

36
Q

Radial Glia/Bergman Glia?

A

Reach from ependymal zone to brain’s surface

37
Q

Radial Glia?

A

Embryonic glial cells that extend radially in neural tube and serve as scaffolding for neurons directing them to their appropriate position in brain

38
Q

Glia (Neuroglia)?

A

Supporting cells of CNS (astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and microglia)

39
Q

Schwann cells and Satellite cells?

A

Supporting cells in PNS

40
Q

Function of Astrocytes?

A

-Nourishment, maintenance and protection of neurons
-Contribution to barrier that protect neurons: blood-brain barrier
-Turnover/metabolism of neurotransmitters
-Only reservoir of glycogen in brewing
-Serve as index of CNS toxicity

41
Q

Astrocytes interconnect and outline CNS?

A

-Brain surface (glia limitans) ependymal lining of ventricles synapses and blood vessels
-Isolate synapses and nodes of Ranvier
-Surround foreign bodies in CNS
-Form a “glial scar” composed of high concentrations of GFAP fibrils at sites of injury

42
Q

Astrocytes react to injury by?

A

Increasing GFAP

43
Q

Astrocytes form?

A

Junctions (form desmosomal (tight) junctions and gap junctions, permitting cell to cell transfer of small molecules/ions

44
Q

Microglial cells enter CNS before?

A

-Closing of blood-brain barrier and become ameboid microglia to clear debris during development
-BBB closes behind then and they become quiescent microglia
-Injury or infection leads to activaton

45
Q

Microglia?

A

-Phagocytic cells, resident macrophages of CNS
-Primary responders to injury of brain, multiple sclerosis and trauma
-Microglial cells and astrocytes interact with each other and modulate immune responses

46
Q

When threshold is reached?

A

An action potential- a wave of membrane depolarization is triggered

47
Q

Flow of Na+ inside cell?

A

Depolarizes cell (outside of cell is rich in sodium)

48
Q

Speed of action potential depends on?

A

Diameter of axon (larger diameter faster)

49
Q

Oligodendroglia and Schwann cells produce?

A

Myelin (contain myelin basic protein MBP)

50
Q

Astrocytes?

A

GFAP intermediate filaments; induction of blood-brain barrier, support and protection of neurons

51
Q

Microglia?

A

Phagocytosis, immune response, inflammation may lead to damage of neurons

52
Q

Non-Brain fenestrated?

A

Capillaries have small gaps in plasma membrane of endothelial cells

53
Q

Brain non-fenestrated?

A

Capillaries have tight junctions between endothelial cells

54
Q

Astrocytes induce capillaries to form?

A

Zonula occludens (tight junctions) limiting diffusion of small molecules

55
Q

Ependymal Cells?

A

-Line inner surface of brain ventricles
-Ciliated
-Functions: movement of CSF and Bidirectional transport of materials between CSF and neuropil
-May be modified within ventricles to produce CSF (part of choroid plexus (CP))

56
Q

Which cells are known as supportive cells in the PNS?

A

Satellite and Schwann cells

57
Q

Indications of cell’s age?

A

-Lipofuscin pigment
-Metabolic lysosomal product

58
Q

Smallest cytoskeletal cellular component present in all cells including neuronal cells?

A

Actin microfilaments

59
Q

Motor protein that mediates anterograde (away from cell body) transport of products made by neuronal cell body?

A

Kinesin

60
Q

General Organization of Nervous System?

A

1) Neurons
2) Neuroglia
3) Endothelial and Epithelial Cells

60
Q

General Organization of Nervous System?

A

1) Neurons
2) Neuroglia
3) Endothelial and Epithelial Cells

61
Q

Neuronal Cell Body (Soma)?

A

1) Nissl bodies
2) Lipofuscin pigment- “age pigment”

Block 1: Neuroscience (15 decks)

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