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Block 1: Neuroscience > Lecture 1 (Revised) > Flashcards

Lecture 1 (Revised) Flashcards

1
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS)?

A

Brain, Spinal Cord and neural portions of the eye

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2
Q

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)?

A

Peripheral nerves, nerve endings and peripheral nerve ganglia

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3
Q

CNS and PNS both include same 2 basic cell types?

A

Neurons and Glia/supporting cells

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4
Q

General Organization of Nervous System?

A

1) Neurons
2) Neuroglia
3) Endothelial and Epithelial Cells

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5
Q

Neuronal Function (Unique Properties of Neurons)?

A

1) Conduct electrochemical signals after impulse are received on dendrites or cell body
2) Neurons possess unique connections between cells (which are synapses)

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6
Q

Neuronal Function Pathway?

A

Dendrites > Soma > Axon > Synapse

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7
Q

3 Types of Neurons?

A

1) Bipolar
2) Pseudo-unipolar
3) Multipolar

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8
Q

Bipolar Neuron?

A

-Single axon emerges from either side of body
-Found in sensory structures such as the retina, olfactory epithelium, and the vestibular and auditory systems

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9
Q

Pseudounipolar Neuron?

A

-Single axon divides a short distance from body
-Divides into 2 branches: Peripheral Branch (carries information from periphery) and Central Branch (ends in spinal cord or brainstem)
-These cells found in sensory ganglia of cranial and spinal nerves

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10
Q

Multipolar Neuron?

A

-Many dendrites and a single long axon emerge from cell body
-Ex: pyramidal cell of cerebral cortex and Purkinje cell of cerebellar cortex

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11
Q

Neuronal Cell Body (Soma)?

A

1) Nissl bodies
2) Lipofuscin pigment- “age pigment”

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12
Q

1) (Neuronal Cell Body (Soma)) Nissl bodies?

A

Ribosomes and rER

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13
Q

2) (Neuronal Cell Body (Soma)) Lipofuscin pigment- “age pigment”?

A

Lysosomes with degradation products (residual body)

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14
Q

Neuronal Dendrites and Axons?

A

-Dendrites
-Axons

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15
Q

Dendrites?

A

-Ramified, spiny, branches extending off the cell soma
-Increase SA of neuron for reception
-Contains proteins/organelles
-NOT myelinated

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16
Q

Axons?

A

-Singular, straight segment, with no spines
-Responsible for conducting AP
-No Nissl bodies
-Can be myelinated

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17
Q

Neuronal Cytoskeleton is a ?

A

Non-membranous organelle made up of 3 types of protein filaments:
1) Microtubules
2) Intermediate Filaments
3) Microfilaments

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18
Q

1) (Neuronal Cytoskeleton) Microtubules?

A

Composed of tubulin

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19
Q

2) (Neuronal Cytoskeleton) Intermediate Filaments?

A

Composed of neurofilament (light, medium and heavy)

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20
Q

3) (Neuronal Cytoskeleton)
Microfilaments?

A

Composed of actin

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21
Q

1) (Neuronal Cytoskeleton) Microtubules and Motor Proteins

A

-Kinesin
-Dynein

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22
Q

Kinesin mediates?

A

Anterograde transport (movement of organelles, vesicles, and neurotransmitters from soma (minus end) to synapse (plus end))

23
Q

Dynein mediates?

A

Retrograde transport (movement of organelles, vesicles, and neurotransmitters from synapse (plus end) to soma (minus end))
(Also plays a role in ciliary and flagellar movement)
(Potential entry of harmful substances)

24
Q

Kinesin and Dynen are?

A

Axonal cytoskeleton motor proteins responsible for bidirectional transport of molecules along the axon
(both use ATP to move along microtubule)

25
Q

2) (Neuronal Cytoskeleton)
Intermediate Filaments (3 types)?

A

(Neurofilaments (NF)- neurofilament triplet proteins (L, M, H proteins) in axons and dendrites of nerve cells)
1) Nestin
2) GFAP
3) Peripheral

26
Q

1) (Neuronal Cytoskeleton (IF)) Nestin?

A

Neuronal stem cells (nerve cells)

27
Q

2) (Neuronal Cytoskeleton (IF))
GFAP?

A

Astrocytes

28
Q

3) (Neuronal Cytoskeleton (IF)) Peripherin?

A

Peripheral nerve cells

29
Q

Changes in neurofilaments within brain are characteristics of?

A

Alzheimer’s disease, which produces neurofibrillary tangles

30
Q

3) (Neuronal Cytoskeleton (IF))
Microfilaments?

A

Composed of protein actin
1) G Actin (Globular)
2) F Actin (Filamentous)

31
Q

(Neuronal Cytoskeleton (IF) (Microfilaments))
G Actin?

A

(Globular)
Free actin in cytoplasm

32
Q

(Neuronal Cytoskeleton (IF) (Microfilaments))
F Actin?

A

(Filamentous)
Polymerized actin
-“Plus-barbed” end = fast growing
-“Minus-pointed” end = slow growing

33
Q

The Synapse steps?

A

(Membrane depolarization > Influx of Ca2+ ions > Release of a neurotransmitter)
-Release neurotransmitters

34
Q

Membrane depolarization is?

A

Changing the charge of the synapse leading to influx of calcium ions then that makes it release neurotransmitter

35
Q

Neuroglia?

A

(“Supporting cells” of Nervous System) (nonconductive)

36
Q

Types of Peripheral (PNS) Neuroglia?

A

1) Schwann cells
2) Satellite cells

37
Q

Types of Central (CNS) Neuroglia?

A

1) Astrocytes
2) Microglia
3) Oligodendrocytes

38
Q

Central (CNS) Neuroglia?

A

-Only half the volume of brain is occupied by neurons. Other half of brain volume are Neuroglia/Glia
-Radial Glia (“scaffolding” during development)

39
Q

1) CNS Neuroglia - Astrocytes?

A

(Found in gray and white matter)
-Interconnect and “outline” CNS
-Form desmosomal (tight) junctions and gap junctions

40
Q

Functions of Astrocytes?

A

1) Nourishment, maintenance and protection
2) Contribute to BBB
3) Glycogen stores
4) Index of CNS toxicity

41
Q

React to injury by increasing concentrations of GFAP fibrils at site of injury forming a “glial scar”?

A

Astrocytes

42
Q

React to injury by increasing concentrations of GFAP fibrils at site of injury forming a “glial scar”?

A

Astrocytes

43
Q

2) CNS Neuroglia - Microglia?

A

-Phagocytic cell of CNS: Primary responders to injury of Brain, ex. multiple sclerosis and trauma
-Severe activation leads to rounding of cells to form macrophages

44
Q

Primary responders to injury of Brain?

A

Microglia (come in and clean up mess)

45
Q

Microglial cells and astrocytes interact with each other to?

A

Modulate immune responses

46
Q

3) CNS Neuroglia - Oligodendrocytes?

A

-Oligodendrocytes are found in white matter (fascicular) of CNS
1) Synthesize myelin sheaths
2) Insulates axons and enhances speed
3) Wraps around axons of several CNS axons

46
Q

3) CNS Neuroglia - Oligodendrocytes?

A

-Oligodendrocytes are found in white matter (fascicular) of CNS
1) Synthesize myelin sheaths
2) Insulates axons and enhances speed
3) Wraps around axons of several CNS axons

47
Q

1) PNS Neuroglia - Schwann cells?

A

-Schwann cells are found in PNS
1) Synthesize myelin sheaths
2) Insulates axons and enhances speed of conduction of electrochemical impulses
3) Wraps around a single PNS axon

48
Q

Endothelial cells are specific to?

A

Blood vessel inner surface

49
Q

Epithelial cells are specific to?

A

Lining of organs and body

50
Q

Non-Brain Fenestrated Capillaries?

A

Have small gaps in plasma membrane of endothelial cells

51
Q

Brain Non-Fenestrated Capillaries?

A

Have tight junctions between endothelial cells

52
Q

Endothelial Cells and BBB?

A

-BBB is formed by endothelial cells with tight junctions and glial foot processes of astrocytes
-Astrocytes induce capillaries to form zonula occludes (tight junctions) limiting diffusion of small molecules

53
Q

Epithelial Cells of Ependyma?

A

-Movement and absorption of CSF (via cilia and microvilli)
-Line inner surface of brain ventricles (produce CSF)

Block 1: Neuroscience (15 decks)

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