Lecture 9 Flashcards
What is the Brambell Report?
1 pt
“We accept that animals can experience emotions such as rage, fear, apprehension, frustration and pleasure.”
- Freedom for fear and distress by ensuring conditions that avoid mental suffering.
What is the definition of fear (state)?
1 pt
An emotional response to the perception of immediate danger.
What is the definition of fearfulness (trait)?
1 pt
A characteristic of an individual, susceptibility to fear.
How is fear experienced within different individuals?
1 pt
- All individuals can experience fear
- Some individuals are more fearful than others
What are the two types of stress and what do they mean?
2 pt
Eustress: good - motivates us
Distress: bad
* some stress is unavoidable
* manageable levels can increase resilience
What is anxiety?
1 pt
A reaction to a potential threat
What is frustration?
1 pt
An inability to achieve a desired goal. Can result in anger, annoyance, disappointment
What does fear and anxiety equal?
1 pt
stressors
* primary emotions affecting animal welfare
* Responses: physiological and behavioural reactions - preparing the animal to respond
* Individuals vary in fearfulness: affected by genes & experience
What controls the stress response?
1 pt
Sympathetic Nervous System / Neuroendocrine
What are the two main responses (axes) for the stress response?
2 pt
- Sympathetic - Adrenal- Medullary (SAM)
- Fight or Flight: epinephrine, norepinephrine (happens immediately) - Hypothalamic- Pituitary- Adrenal (HPA)
- CRH -> ACTH -> Glucocorticoid (eg. cortisol in humans and pigs, corticosterone in poultry and rodents)
What is the Sympathetic Adrenal Medullary (SAM)?
2 pt
Rapid neural response:
* Adrenaline (from adrenal medulla)
* Noradrenaline (adrenal medulla and sympathetic nerves)
What are different effects of the sympathetic division on our bodies?
8 pt
- Dilates pupil
- No effect on tear glands
- Weak stimulation of salivary flow
- Accelerates heart, constricts arterioles
- Dilates bronchi
- Inhibits stomach motility and secretion, inhibits pancreas and adrenals
- Inhibits intestinal motility
- Relaxes bladder
What are different effects of the parasympathetic division on our bodies?
9 pt
- Constricts pupil
- Stimulates tear glands
- Strong stimulation of salivary flow
- Inhibits heart, dilates arterioles
- Constricts bronchi
- Stimulates stomach motility and secretion, stimulates pancreas
- Stimulates intestinal motility
- Contracts bladder
- Stimulates erection
What is fear and what is the function of fear?
2 pt
- Fear is a negative emotion that is adaptive: fear responses protect the animal from injury.
- Function: animals in the wild benefit from fear. Increased awareness/vigilance, protection from/avoidance of predation
WHat are 3 behavioural responses to fear?
3 pt
- Aggression
- Avoidance/escape
- Freezing
Stress response provides energy to cope
What is the difference for fear in domectic environments?
1 pt
Fear is less adaptive in domestic environments
What are the two types of fear and what are some examples of issues they cause in animals?
4 pt
- Acute fear: poultry piling, claw injuries, suffocation
- Chronic fear, anxiety: reduced growth, feed conversion
How do intensive systems negatively effect stress levels in animals?
1 pt
- Controlled, predictable environment - leads to overreaction
- Tried not to mix pigs or move pigs, however, created an overreaction when something did need to happen
What are some consenquences of fear (acute and chronic) in domestic animals?
6 pt
- Energy wastage, reduced growth
- Delayed maturation
- Poor reproduction
- Handling stress, injury
- Injury, pain, weak immunity
- Increased death loss/disease susceptibility
What is the Novel Object Test (NOT)
2 pt
- Behavioural test
- Assesses fear and exploratory behaviour directed towards a ‘novel object’
- Animals tested singly or in groups
- ‘Novel object’ is introduced into the centre of the pen
- Less fearful animals are faster to approach and make contact
- Measurements: latency of approach (time) and number of contacts or number of individuals that makes contact
What is the Human Approach Test (HAT)?
2 pt
- Behavioural test
- Measures level of fear associated with humans
- Handler enter the pen and remains stationary
- Less fearful animals are faster to approach and make contact - problems with defensiveness, aggression (attacks) or not caring (won’t approach)
- Measurements
What is the Novel Arena test (NAT)?
2 pt
- AKA ‘Open Field Test’
- Measure fear and exploratory behaviour in a novel arena
- Animal enters the pen nd is observed over set time period
- Rodents’entry into the centre squares indicates lack of fear (they like to be near wall)
- Increased defecation rate: increase rate under stress
How did the fear of people assessed in dairy cows affect them?
2 pt
- Fear responses reduced with increased contact between stockperson and cows
- Introverted, confident stockpersons had calmer, more productive cows
- Presence of averisive handler (who hit or used a prod on cows over a 5-day period) increased the residual milk (milk not collected at milking) - she wasn’t delivering as much milk with aversive handler
What is vigilence behaviour in dairy cows?
2 pt
- evolved for detection and avoidance of predators
- now used to measure fear
- Time spent ‘vigilant’ (head up/not eating)
- in novel location, in presenceof a dog, with aversive handler
