Lecture 12 Flashcards

1
Q

Extensive vs intensive housing.

2 pt

A
  • extensive: closer to a natral setting such as free ranging animals
  • intensive: way more animals, often a compromise of economics, management and welfare
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2
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of intensive groups.

6 pt

A

Disadvantages:
* Eliminates choices
* No family structure
Advantages:
* Protected
* Food provided
* Health
* Generally lower fear levels

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3
Q

What is buller-steer syndrome?

1 pt

A

A behavioural problem in groups of cattle that is recognized by the repeated mounting of one animal, the buller, by a group of animals, the riders
* Only happens in feedlots, does not happen in pastures becase of submissive behaviour, pheromones, warm weather, large group sizes and other stressful events (mixing, handling, temp, dust)

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4
Q

When will groups form?

2 pt

A
  • poor food availability
  • breeding status
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5
Q

How are dominant-subordinate relationships are established?

2 pt

A
  • Tend to be the cornerstone of all relationships
  • Creates rules by which other social relationship are controlled
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6
Q

What do hierarchies do for groups?

3 pt

A

Hierarchy helps maintain order within the group
* it is specific to a particular group
Adding/removing animals disrupts order
Advantages/disadvantages for each rank

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7
Q

How does aggression differ between group sizes?

3 pt

important question

A
  • small groups: **low **- linear hierarchy, not many to dominate
  • very large groups: hard to get hierarchy, lower aggression, don’t recognize each other, not as low as small groups so moderate
  • Mid groups: highest - hierarchy building all the time
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8
Q

What are the three hypothesis to determining dominance?

3 pt

A
  1. Pairwise
    * Strangers fighht: rank order determined
    * Might be over food sources, or mating
    * Not a good indicator of hierarchies, might indicate aggressiveness levels
  2. Continuous assessment
    * Continuous fihgting: rank order is fluid
    * Occurs when groups are constantly changing
    * generally only if memory and recognition do not occur
  3. Suppression
    * strangers fight: rank order determined
    * dominants continue to attack/control subordinates to maintain status
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9
Q

Why is dominance maintained by subtle aggression and posturing?

2 pt

A

Less energy and risk

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10
Q

Aggression vs dominance?

2 pt

A

aggressivity = propensity to perform aggressive behaviour
dominance = rank within specific group, ability to control resources
* high aggression does not equal dominance

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11
Q

What is required with hierarchy development?

7 pt

very important

A

Individual recognition
* How do animals know one-another
* Recognition tools differ by species (smell, sight, behaviour patterns)
-Different levels of complexity
- Recognition of all or only some group members
- Superficial or very detailed information on an individual
- At a complex level information about relationships
* Cognitive study in horses
- Recognition using visual, olfactory, and auditory cues

Memory of Past Encounters
* How long can they remember? (depends on species)
* ‘Social memory’ tested in horses and hens
- Familiar animals seperated & later reunited
- Horses - after 6 mos, returned to same rank with little interaction
- Hens - after few weeks, fought as much as unfamiliar birds to establish position

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12
Q

What are some examples of individual roles or strategies?

A

Bees:
* Queen - reproductive function
* Workers - different roles during different stages
* Drones - reproductive

Horses
* hierarchical rank of the foal is positively correlated to that of its mother

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13
Q

What are some individual roles or strategies?

4 pt

A

Social status
* dominance rank
Role
* Groomer
* Leader
Strategies
* Producers and scroungers
Personality or temperament

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14
Q

What is a groomer?

1 pt

A
  • all dairy cows are groomed, but only 75% actually do the grooming
  • grooming both cleans parasites and reduces tension
  • absence of primary groomers reduces milk production
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15
Q

What is a leader?

1 pt

A
  • first to initiate grazing, travelling, or resting
  • often older animal - ‘sociable’
  • midto high ranking, but not dominant
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16
Q

What are producers and scroungers?

2 pt

A

Strategies in foraging
* Scrounger manages to exploit the work that the producer is doing
* Scroungers do best when outnumbered by producers
* ex. red deer: harem owner defends the group (producer), young males sneak matings (scroungers)

17
Q

What are types of signals for group communication?

2 pt

important

A
  • Morphology, visual, chemical, sound
  • Behavioural patterns, smells or structure used to affect behaviour of another
18
Q

What are the factors that determine a signal will be received?

3 pt

important

A
  1. Detectability (intensity, duration, occurence, repetition)
  2. Discriminability (distinguished the signal from other stimuli)
  3. Memorability (remember and associate the signal)
19
Q

What is actor and reactor in group communication?

4 pt

A

Cooperative signal: the receiver benefits from detecting the signal (signals to a potential mate)
Non-coperative signal: the receiver does not benefit from detecting the signal (unintentionally attracting a predator)

20
Q

Factors that can cause problems with signals?

4 pt

A
  • Interference
  • Noise, visual interference
  • visability or distance
  • interests of sender & receiver
21
Q

How can domestication change normaal communication?

3 pt

A
  • Increased signalling: cats are good at talking to humans
  • Group size: more noise, repetition and redundancy of the signal
  • Barren environments: might be the only stimuli the animal can display, could lead to stereotypies
22
Q

Can signals indicate internal states?

A
  • age and species specific (distress calls in young animals, prey animals vocalize less)
  • could be used to assess well-being
  • dishonest calls: foraging birds and random calls (could lead to confusion)