Lecture 25 Flashcards
1
Q
What is the study of emotion?
5 pts
A
- Emotions: AKA Affective states
- Until recently, the study of mind was largely neglected due to scientific bias against studying’what cannot be observed’
- Positivist/behaviourist movements of 1900’s
- Brain research has largely ignored centres of emotion (e.g. hippocampus, amygdala)
- Focused on frontel lobes (logic, decision-making, ‘higher level functions’)
2
Q
What is the brain?
6 pts
A
- Seat of consciousness
- Sense of self
- Memories - short and long term
- Thoughts - ideas, logic, knowledge, information
- Feelings - moods, emotions
- Highly conserved: same basic systems and networks in humans and animals
3
Q
What is emotions/affective states?
5 pts
A
- Emotions evolved asadaptive neurological functions
- But remain poorly understood…intellect vs emotions
- Evolutionary perspective - emotions have a function
- Emotions are protective: (fear, anger, jealousy)
- Central to social bonding: (love, maternal care, sexual attraction)
4
Q
Where do emotions come from?
7 pts
Probably will be a question on ROM and RAM
A
- Mid and hind brain (sub-cortical regions)
- Brain research has focused more on cognition and intelligence (frontal lobes/cortex)
Computer analogy: - ROM, read-only memory = “primitive functions” and emotions
- RAM, random-access memory = “cognitive functions”
Evolutionary layering: new layers build onto older regions - hind-brain -> mid-brain -> fore-brain
- Similar emotions, brain regions andpathways are found across all mammalian species = homology
5
Q
What is the triune brain model?
5 pts
A
- Reptilian, limbic and neocortical regions
- Emotions are based in limbic and reptilian regions
- Layers added over time
- Reptilian brain: exploration, aggression, sex
- Limbic system: social bonding, play
- Neocortex: thought, language
6
Q
What did Charles Darwin determine about the expression of the emotions in man and animals?
5 pts
A
- Darwin’s biological approach linked emotions to their origins in animal behaviour
- Cultural factors: play only an auxiliary role in the shaping of emotions
- All human cultures share similar emotions
- Homology: the same systems are present in man and animals
- Six emotional states: happiness, sadness, fear, anger, surprise and disgust
7
Q
What is the history of the study of emotion?
2 pts
A
- 19th century - mentalism: unscientific approaches, metaphysics were popular in the Victorian era
- 20th century - Positivism, Behaviourism: a more scientific approach; focused only on observable and measurable events, so deliberately ignored the inner workings of the brain (‘Black Box’)
8
Q
What is affective neuroscience?
1 pt
A
The study of the neural correlates of emotions
9
Q
How do emotions work?
3 pts
A
- Emotions are a primary response
- Physiological changes result from the emotion, not from higher thought/cognitive process
- Event -> Emotion -> Arousal-> Understanding
10
Q
What are the emotional networks?
7 pts
A
- Emotions arise from medial brain regions
- cognitive responses are secondary to the emotional response - Emotional networks are genetically determined
- Specific pathways and neurotransmitters
- Functions of emotions:
- Positive emotions - comfort/seeking
- Negative emotions - discomfort/protective
11
Q
What are the positive and negative emotional networks?
3 pts
A
- Affective states evolved to deal with goalsand threats in the environment
- Positive networks: associated with goals
- evoke electrical self stimulation (SS) when brain region stimulated - Negative networks: associatedwith threats
- evoke avoidance response when brain region stimulated
12
Q
What is the networks and functions of the positive emotional networks?
4 pts
A
- Seeking - motivation, appetitive behaviours
- Lust - sexual attraction
- Care - maternal behaviour, bonding
- Play - experience, learning, ‘fun’
13
Q
What are the neurotransmitters for the positive emotional networks?
7 pts
A
- Dopamine
- Endorphins
- Estrogen
- Testosterone
- Oxytocin
- Serotonin
- GABA
14
Q
What is the networks and functions of the negative emotional networks?
3 pts
A
- Grief - reunite with mother, social group
- Fear - avoid danger
- Rage - protect self, offspring
15
Q
What are the neurotransmitters for negative emotional networks?
4 pts
A
- Adrenaline
- CRH
- Substance P
- Glutamate
16
Q
What is seeking?
3 pts
A
- Positive motivation -> appetitive behaviour
- Exploration, foraging, excitement
- CNS: dopamine, endorphins
17
Q
Where is seeking?
1 pt
A
Median Forebrain Bundle
18
Q
What is underactive and overactive for seeking?
2 pts
A
- Underactive: leads to depression, sickness
- Overactive: impulsive behaviour and psychosis
19
Q
What is the reward system for seeking?
3 pts
A
- Electrical stimulation in these regions is rewarding
- Animal learns to self stimulate (SS)
- Dopamine
20
Q
What is care?
3 pts
A
- Promotes maternal behaviour lactation
- Hormones: estrogen, oxytocin, prolactin
- Brain area PVN = paraventricular nucleus
21
Q
What is play?
4 pts
A
- Highly motivated behaviour - play is self-rewarding
- Appetitive and Consummatory phases are the same - Promotes social bond, learning, control, exploration
- Practice physical activities - risk taking/loss and regain of control. Preparation for ‘real life’
22
Q
Where is play?
1 pt
A
Multiple brain regions -> endorphins
23
Q
What is grief?
8 pts
A
- Functional goal is said to reunite with parent or social group
- Isolation calls - chicks, piglets
- Panic, followed by despair, hopelessness
- Separation anxiety - Paralels to opiod withdrawl
- Absence of endorphins - Opposite response to/side effect of ‘CARE’
- We grieve because we care
24
Q
What is fear and rage?
1 pt
A
Negative emotions - protective, defensive, jealousy
25
Where is fear and rage?
| 2 pts
* Amygdala, hypothalamus
* Fear: stress response -> CRH
26
What are some recent brain and behvaiour studies?
| 4 pts
* Micro expressions
* Polyvagal theory/autonomic balance
- Sympathetic and Parasympathetic inputs
- Balance of stress/arousal and relaxation
* Mirror neurons
- Promote empathy, emotional contagion
* Brain lateralization
- Right brain - emotions, intuitive, creative
- Left brain - rational, analytical
27
What is autonomic balance?
| 4 pts
Sympathetic
* fear
* stress
* anxiety
* breathe in
* excitement
* incresaed heart rate
Parasympathetic
* Contact - hug, massage
* Breathe out
* Rhythmic stimulation
* Lowered heart rate
28
What is brain lateralization?
| 4 pts
Left:
* Analytical thought
* Detail Oriented Perception
* Ordered
* Sequencing
* Rational Thought
* Verbal
* Cautious
* Planning
* Math/science
* Logic
* Right field vision
* Right side motor skills
Right:
* Intuitive thought
* Holistic perception
* Random sequencing
* Emotional thought
* Non-verbal
* Adventurous
* Impulse
* Creative Writing/Art
* Imagination
* Left Field Vision
* Left Side Motor skills
29
How does tail wagging working with brain lateralization?
| 2 pts
* Left brain: positive emotions
- Wag to right signals positive response: owner, stranger, cat
* Right brain: negative - fear, anxiety
- Wag to left signals negative response: unfamiliar
