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Neurobio Midterm > Lecture 8 - Vision > Flashcards

Lecture 8 - Vision Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the 3rd order neuron located along the visual pathway?

A

lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus

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2
Q

What are the 3 layers of the eyeball?

A
  1. sclera
  2. choroid
  3. retina
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3
Q

The sclera is continuous to the _____ _________

A

dura mater

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4
Q

What is the choroid?

A

a deep plexus of blood vessels like the choroid plexus deep to the sclera

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5
Q

What is the most inside part of the eye?

A

the retina

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6
Q

What does the conjunctive do?

A

fixes eyeball against our eyelid, part of the sclera

  • is a connective tissue
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7
Q

What is the limbus?

A

boundary of cornea and sclera

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8
Q

What is the ora serrata?

A

the end of the retina, not smooth

  • about 2/3 of the eyeball posteriorly
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9
Q

What is the lens?

A

a transparent layer of proteins, divides eyeball into anterior and posterior chambers

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10
Q

What is in the anterior chamber of the lens?

A

pigmented cells, secrete fluid drains into anterior chamber = aqueous humor

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11
Q

What is in the posterior chamber of the lens?

A

like glass, vitreous humor secreted by non-pigmented epithelia in the cell body

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12
Q

What happens when aqueous humor drainage is blocked?

A

glaucoma (other causes too)

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13
Q

What eye structures work on focusing and refraction of light?

A

cornea and lens

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14
Q

What eye structures work on brightness and quality?

A

iris and retina

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15
Q

What is the shape of the cornea?

A

convex anteriorly

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16
Q

What is the cornea for?

A

gross adjustment

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17
Q

What shape is the lens?

A

biconvex
- anterior convexity is adjustable

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18
Q

What is the job of the lens?

A

fine adjustment

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19
Q

What is a cataract?

A

layers of proteins that are transparent degrade with age so the transparency compromised

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20
Q

What happens with ciliary muscle contraction?

A

increases anterior convexity
- with CLOSE objects
- zonula fibers pull the lens out, build up biconvexity

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21
Q

What happens with ciliary muscle relaxation?

A

the anterior convexity is decreased
- with FAR AWAY objects
- relaxes ciliary muscles, pulls zonula fibers, stretches the anterior part of the lens
- more flat not so convex

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22
Q

What gives the pinhole effect?

A

the PUPIL

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23
Q

What two muscles control the dilation of the pupil?

A
  • pupillary dilator/dilator pupillae
  • pupillary sphincter/constrictor pupillae
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24
Q

What innervates the pupillary dilator?

A

sympathetic: superior cervical ganglia

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25
What innervates the pupillary sphincter/constrictor?
CN III: ciliary ganglion
26
What does the retina do with strayed light?
absorbs it! - reflection goes into the vitreous body, too much can cause you to not be able to see anything - this absorbs light to get a clear image
27
What are photoreceptors?
rods and cones NOT NEURONS
28
What do rods see?
black and white
29
What do cones see?
blue, red, and green
30
What is unique about the projection direction and processing direction of light?
opposite
31
What are bipolar neurons?
1st order neurons!
32
What is the ration of rods to bipolar neurons? Why is this important?
15~30:1 - helps with gross image
33
What is the ratio of cones to bipolar neurons? Why is this important?
1:1 - acuity!
34
What are ganglion cells?
2nd order neurons
35
What do cones/rods release?
glutamate INHIBITORY!!!
36
What do pyramidal cells release in the cerebral cortex?
glutamate/aspartate EXCITATORY
37
What happens when glutamate is released in the eyes?
it inhibits functions of the bipolar neuron
38
What is the macula?
part of the retina - lateral to the optic disc - around 5.5 mm diameter
39
What can happen in the macula that can cause legally blindedness?
macular deceneration - cones died, acuity lost - can see things just without detail
40
What is the fovea?
center of the macula in the retina 1.5mm diameter
41
What is the foveola?
part of the fovea, very small 0.15mm diameter
42
What is unique about the foveola?
- cones only, highest visual acuity
43
What is foveation?
fixes the fovea on the target objects
44
What does the ganglion cell axon bundle form?
the optic nerve
45
What is the blind spot?
has no photoreceptors - happens worse with a retina injury/stroke
46
What is the visual pathway to the V1?
left optic nerve to optic chiasm to left optic tract to left latearl geniculate
47
What axons form the left optic nerve?
both nasal and temporal
48
What happens with the axons at the optic chiasm?
crosses over (axons)
49
What are the axons doing at the left optic tract?
temporal and nasal axons run together
50
What is the lateral geniculate?
3rd order neuron in the thalamus, projects to V1
51
What is the parallel process?
pathway through thalamus mainly for us to not see something but still perform - such as reaching for a bottle you know is there but not looking up to grab it
52
What is the geniculostriate pathway?
lateral geniculate nucleus to V1 - STRIPED, the mitochondria show up as stripes with staining
53
What makes up the 2 parts of the geniculostriate pathway?
1. superior projection fibers in the parietal lobe for the inferior quadrant 2. inferior projection fibers in the temporal lobe, Meyer's loop for the superior quadrant
54
What projects to 60% of posterior V1?
Macula
55
What is the retinotopy?
spatial information conserved - presentation of the world in your mind
56
How is the iris controlled by visceral motors when sunlight is too strong?
sphincter pupillae activated by CNII, decreases light into the eyeball
57
What are the visual hemifields?
each eye has a right and left component
58
Where is the temporal space?
in the nasal retina
59
Where is the nasal space?
in the temporal retina
60
What is the binocular field?
crossover of the left and right hemifields when looking forward
61
What is the optic nerve responsible for?
the vision of the eye, ipsilateral nasal and temporal retinas
62
What happens at the optic chiasm?
decussation or crossover of bilateral nasal retina tracts
63
What happens at the optic tract?
vision of both visual hemifields - ipsilateral temporal and contralateral nasal retina
64
If there is an impairment at the optic nerve what happens?
blind of the eye: CN II
65
What happens if there is an impairment at the optic chiasm?
tunnel view: optic chiasm
66
What happens if there is an imparment at the optic tract?
homonymous hemianopia
67
What happens if there is an impairment on the optic radiation?
superior quadrantoanopia: Myer's loop
68
What happens if there is an impairment at the geniculostriate pathway?
homonymous hemianopia
69
Where do the parallel projection pathways go through?
not through the thalamus
70
What are parts of the tectopulvinar pathway?
- pretectal area and superior colliculus - pupillary light reflex - visual association area: dorsal stream
71
What happens if there are issues with the dorsal stream?
blindsight/riddoch's phenomena - pts with an occipital stroke cant see one side
72
What is in the hypothalamus in the parallel projection pathway?
suprachiasmatic nuclei
73
What does the suprachiasmatic nuclei do?
relay for circadian rhythm
74
Is CNII afferent or efferent? Where does it go in the pupillary light reflex pathway?
afferent, specific ganglion cells, NO PHOTORECEPTORS - to bilateral CNIII parasympathetic nucleus
75
Is CNIII efferent or afferent? What does it do?
efferent - constricts bilateral pupils
76
What happens if you shine a flashlight in one eye and it constricts but the other does not?
the CN III on the side that doesnt constrict is nonfunctional
77
What happens when one the flashlight is shined into one eye and both pupils constrict, then into the other and they dilate?
on the side that the flashlight causes to dilate CN II is nonfunctional
78
Axon bundles from which side of the nasal and temporal retina are in the left optic nerve, optic chiasm, and right optic tract?
- left optic nerve: both left nasal and temporal retina - optic chiasm: bilateral nasal retina ganglia axons - right optic tract: right temporal and left nasal retina ganglion axons

Neurobio Midterm (10 decks)

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