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Neurobio > Lecture 3 - Cerebral Cortex > Flashcards

Lecture 3 - Cerebral Cortex Flashcards

1
Q

What is the size of the basic microcolumn for cerebral cortical functions?

A

~50µm

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2
Q

Which neuron is centered for the basic microcolumn for cerebral cortical function?

A

Pyramidal cells

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3
Q

How many layers is the neocortex?

A

6

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4
Q

How thick is the neocortex?

A

2-4 mm THIN

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5
Q

What is the first layer of the neocortex?

A

molecular layer

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6
Q

What is the second layer of the neocortex?

A

external granular layer

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7
Q

What is the third layer of the neocortex?

A

external pryamidal layer

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8
Q

What is the fourth layer of the neocortex?

A

internal granular layer

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9
Q

What is the fifth layer of the neocortex?

A

internal pryamidal layer

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10
Q

What is the sixth layer of the neocortex?

A

multiform layer

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11
Q

What is the central neuron of the neocortex?

A

somata with a pryramidal shape

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12
Q

How many somata are there in the central neuron of the neocortex? What is their shape?

A

Various sizes with fixed numbers

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13
Q

What are the cells in M1 in the neocortex called?

A

Betz cells

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14
Q

What do Betz cells do?

A

largest/main cells in the primary motor cortex

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15
Q

What kind of neurotransmitters are glutamate and aspartate?

A

EXCITATORY

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16
Q

What does it mean to be excitatory?

A

activate next neuron in the CNS

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17
Q

What do interneurons do in the neocortex?

A

process/integrate AFFERENT information

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18
Q

What kind of neurotransmitter is GABA?

A

inhibitory

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19
Q

What is the most outer layer of the neocortex?

A

Molecular layer

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20
Q

What is the deepest layer of the neocortex?

A

multiform layer

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21
Q

Where are the granular layers of the neocortex?

A

II and IV

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22
Q

Where are the pryamidal layers of the neocortex?

A

III and V

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23
Q

What lobe doesnt have a thick granular layer?

A

Frontal lobe (MOTOR LOBE)

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24
Q

What lobe has a thick layer of granular cells?

A

Parietal and occipital lobes

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25
Q

What do the afferent interneurons do in the neocortex?

A

provide feedback to pyramidal cells to regulate or modify the functions of the pyramidal cells

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26
Q

What is the ratio of pyramidal cells to interneurons in the cerebral cortex?

A

4:1

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27
Q

What do interneurons do in the neocortex?

A

don’t have large cell bodies but have dendrites that either ascend transverse or descend in the 6 layers

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28
Q

What layer has the outer band of Baillarger?

A

4

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29
Q

How is the outer band of Baillarger formed?

A

Through projection fibers in thalamus, axons ascend and go horizontally in layer 4

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30
Q

What layer has the inner band of baillarger?

A

5 mainly

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31
Q

What makes up the inner band of baillarger?

A

many pyramidal cell axons, horizontally descend out to subcortical structures

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32
Q

Where is the OUTER band of Baillarger from?

A

Thalamus

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33
Q

Where is the inner band of baillarger going?

A

among cortical regions and to other subcortical structures

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34
Q

What is the diameter of the microcolumn?

A

50 µm

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35
Q

How many neurons are in the micro column?

A

100 neurons, include pyramidal cells and interneurons

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36
Q

What type of fibers are pyramidal cells in the center?

A

efferent fibers

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37
Q

What makes up the first three layers of the commnicating fibers?

A

Association fibers and commissure fibers

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38
Q

Where are the projection fibers in the neocortex?

A

layers 4-6

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39
Q

What are afferent projection fibers? Where are they located?

A

From the thalamus to the cortex, layer 4

40
Q

What do afferent projection fibers do in ALL layers?

A

subcortical projections to all layers (i.e. brain stem for arousal and being awake)

41
Q

Where are the efferent projection fibers? What layers?

A

from the cortex to the subcortical CNS structures, layers V and VI

42
Q

What makes up the internal capsule?

A

Descending projection fibers between the basal nuclei or between the basal nuclei and the thalamus

43
Q

What is the anterior limb between?

A

the caudate and the putamen

44
Q

What is the posterior limb between?

A

the globus pallidus and the putamen and thalamus

45
Q

Which brain structure is the center of the autonomic nervous system?

A

Hypothalamus

46
Q

How does the hypothalamus bridge the nervous system and the endocrine system?

A

the pituitary gland

47
Q

Which part of the brain contains the hypothalamus?

A

the diencephalon (forebrain)

48
Q

What are the primary cortices?

A

M1, S1, A1, V1

49
Q

What is the unimodel association cortex for?

A

to support the primary cortices functions

50
Q

What is the heteromodel association cortex for?

A

integrated functions, metacognition

51
Q

What does the limbic cortex consist of?

A

specialized heteromodel association cortex

52
Q

What is M1 brodmann’s area?

A

4, precentral cyrus

53
Q

What is S1 brodmann’s area?

A

3, 2, 1 - postcentral gyrus

54
Q

What is V1 Brodmann’s area?

A

17

55
Q

What is A1 Brodmann’s area?

A

41

56
Q

What Brodmann’s area is Broca’s area?

A

44, 45 - LEFT hemisphere

57
Q

What Brodmann’s area is Wernicke’s area?

A

22, LEFT hemisphere

58
Q

What are the right hemisphere corresponding areas for language for?

A

prosody - understanding but not comprehending and processing language, NO REAL NAME

59
Q

What Brodmann’s areas are the premotor and supplementary area within?

A

6

60
Q

What Brodmann’s area contains the frontal eye field?

A

8

61
Q

What is the frontal eye field in charge of?

A

motor function of the eyes, controlling eye movement
- Drives eye to opposite side

62
Q

If a pt had a stroke that impacted Brodmann’s area 8, what would happen?

A

cant move their eyes past midline to the opposite side of the stroke

  • ex Right stroke means they cant move their eyes left and they would stop at midline
63
Q

What are the integrated functions of the frontal lobe?

A
  • frontal eye fields: horizontal gaze center control
  • premotor cortex, supplementary motor area, and primary motor cortex - motor control and help M1
  • Broca’s area - SPEECH
64
Q

What is the last maturing brain structure?

A

Prefrontal cortex- does not mature until mid-20s to 30s

65
Q

What is the function of the prefrontal cortex?

A

functional execution, mainly the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

66
Q

What is the orbitofrontal cortex for?

A

personality, limbic system

67
Q

What lobe has the most efferent fibers in the internal capsule?

A

FRONTAL lobe

68
Q

Which cerebral communicating fibers are in the internal capsule?

A

Descending projection fibers

69
Q

What deep brain structures does the internal capsule course through?

A
  • Caudate and putament (anterior limb)
  • Thalamus, globus pallidus and putamen (posterior limb)
  • angle between = genu
70
Q

What are the integrated functions of the parietal lobe?

A

comprehension and lateralization

71
Q

What is the lateralization of the right hemisphere in the parietal lobe?

A

attention of bilateral space, spacial cognition

72
Q

What is the lateralization of the left hemisphere in the parietal lobe?

A

praxis - how to perform a motion sequentially

73
Q

What is left hemineglect syndrome?

A

patient can see the left side, just cannot pay attention to the left side, including their own body

  • ex : right MCA stroke
74
Q

What are the integrated functions of the occipital lobe?

A

integrated shape and color of the objects

75
Q

Vision is a _________ perception

A

learned

76
Q

What does V1 NOT do?

A

see!

  • cant see whole object
77
Q

What are the integrated functions of the temporal lobe?

A
  • Primary auditory cortex and auditory association cortex/unimodal association area: decoding sounds into meaningful words
  • Initial area for language processing: Wernicke’s area
78
Q

What is lateralization of the right hemisphere for language prosody?

A

how we say things and tone such as happy/sad/angry.
- pt cant differentiate if this area affected, can read facial expressions only

79
Q

What is the arcuate fasciculus?

A

conveys information from Wernicke’s area to Broca’s area

80
Q

What is lateralization of the left hemisphere for in regards to language?

A

Language production

81
Q

If there is a loss of function in Broca’s area, what kind of aphasia happens?

A

Expressive/nonfluent aphasia, agraphia

82
Q

What is Expressive/nonfluent aphasia?

A

pt can understand but wont know how to answer

83
Q

If there is a loss in function in Wernicke’s area, what kind of aphasia happens?

A

Fluent aphasia, alexia

84
Q

What is fluent aphasia?

A

pt cant understand but can answer but nonsensical

85
Q

If the arcuate fasiculus loses function, what kind of aphasia happens?

A

Conduction aphasia

86
Q

What is conduction aphasia?

A

pt can understand and speak fluently but cannot connect the two together

87
Q

What is it called if all language centers are compromised?

A

Global aphasia

88
Q

What is Brodmann’s area 4?

A

M1

89
Q

What is Brodmann’s area 17?

A

V1

90
Q

What is Brodmann’s area 3,1,2?

A

S1

91
Q

What is Brodmann’s area 44 and 45?

A

Broca’s area

92
Q

What is Brodmann’s area 22?

A

Wernicke’s area

93
Q

What is Brodmann’s area 41?

A

A1

94
Q

A patient with a stroke around the left inferior frontal lobe can’t speak fluently. Which Brodmann’s area is affected?

A

Left side Brodmann 44 and 45 aka Broca’s area

95
Q

What kind of aphasia would a patient with a stroke on the left inferior frontal lobe have

A

Expressive aphasia

Neurobio (10 decks)

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