Lecture 3 - Cerebral Cortex Flashcards
1
Q
What is the size of the basic microcolumn for cerebral cortical functions?
A
~50µm
2
Q
Which neuron is centered for the basic microcolumn for cerebral cortical function?
A
Pyramidal cells
3
Q
How many layers is the neocortex?
A
6
4
Q
How thick is the neocortex?
A
2-4 mm THIN
5
Q
What is the first layer of the neocortex?
A
molecular layer
6
Q
What is the second layer of the neocortex?
A
external granular layer
7
Q
What is the third layer of the neocortex?
A
external pryamidal layer
8
Q
What is the fourth layer of the neocortex?
A
internal granular layer
9
Q
What is the fifth layer of the neocortex?
A
internal pryamidal layer
10
Q
What is the sixth layer of the neocortex?
A
multiform layer
11
Q
What is the central neuron of the neocortex?
A
somata with a pryramidal shape
12
Q
How many somata are there in the central neuron of the neocortex? What is their shape?
A
Various sizes with fixed numbers
13
Q
What are the cells in M1 in the neocortex called?
A
Betz cells
14
Q
What do Betz cells do?
A
largest/main cells in the primary motor cortex
15
Q
What kind of neurotransmitters are glutamate and aspartate?
A
EXCITATORY
16
Q
What does it mean to be excitatory?
A
activate next neuron in the CNS
17
Q
What do interneurons do in the neocortex?
A
process/integrate AFFERENT information
18
Q
What kind of neurotransmitter is GABA?
A
inhibitory
19
Q
What is the most outer layer of the neocortex?
A
Molecular layer
20
Q
What is the deepest layer of the neocortex?
A
multiform layer
21
Q
Where are the granular layers of the neocortex?
A
II and IV
22
Q
Where are the pryamidal layers of the neocortex?
A
III and V
23
Q
What lobe doesnt have a thick granular layer?
A
Frontal lobe (MOTOR LOBE)
24
Q
What lobe has a thick layer of granular cells?
A
Parietal and occipital lobes
25
What do the afferent interneurons do in the neocortex?
provide feedback to pyramidal cells to regulate or modify the functions of the pyramidal cells
26
What is the ratio of pyramidal cells to interneurons in the cerebral cortex?
4:1
27
What do interneurons do in the neocortex?
don't have large cell bodies but have dendrites that either ascend transverse or descend in the 6 layers
28
What layer has the outer band of Baillarger?
4
29
How is the outer band of Baillarger formed?
Through projection fibers in thalamus, axons ascend and go horizontally in layer 4
30
What layer has the inner band of baillarger?
5 mainly
31
What makes up the inner band of baillarger?
many pyramidal cell axons, horizontally descend out to subcortical structures
32
Where is the OUTER band of Baillarger from?
Thalamus
33
Where is the inner band of baillarger going?
among cortical regions and to other subcortical structures
34
What is the diameter of the microcolumn?
50 µm
35
How many neurons are in the micro column?
100 neurons, include pyramidal cells and interneurons
36
What type of fibers are pyramidal cells in the center?
efferent fibers
37
What makes up the first three layers of the commnicating fibers?
Association fibers and commissure fibers
38
Where are the projection fibers in the neocortex?
layers 4-6
39
What are afferent projection fibers? Where are they located?
From the thalamus to the cortex, layer 4
40
What do afferent projection fibers do in ALL layers?
subcortical projections to all layers (i.e. brain stem for arousal and being awake)
41
Where are the efferent projection fibers? What layers?
from the cortex to the subcortical CNS structures, layers V and VI
42
What makes up the internal capsule?
Descending projection fibers between the basal nuclei or between the basal nuclei and the thalamus
43
What is the anterior limb between?
the caudate and the putamen
44
What is the posterior limb between?
the globus pallidus and the putamen and thalamus
45
Which brain structure is the center of the autonomic nervous system?
Hypothalamus
46
How does the hypothalamus bridge the nervous system and the endocrine system?
the pituitary gland
47
Which part of the brain contains the hypothalamus?
the diencephalon (forebrain)
48
What are the primary cortices?
M1, S1, A1, V1
49
What is the unimodel association cortex for?
to support the primary cortices functions
50
What is the heteromodel association cortex for?
integrated functions, metacognition
51
What does the limbic cortex consist of?
specialized heteromodel association cortex
52
What is M1 brodmann's area?
4, precentral cyrus
53
What is S1 brodmann's area?
3, 2, 1 - postcentral gyrus
54
What is V1 Brodmann's area?
17
55
What is A1 Brodmann's area?
41
56
What Brodmann's area is Broca's area?
44, 45 - LEFT hemisphere
57
What Brodmann's area is Wernicke's area?
22, LEFT hemisphere
58
What are the right hemisphere corresponding areas for language for?
prosody - understanding but not comprehending and processing language, NO REAL NAME
59
What Brodmann's areas are the premotor and supplementary area within?
6
60
What Brodmann's area contains the frontal eye field?
8
61
What is the frontal eye field in charge of?
motor function of the eyes, controlling eye movement
- Drives eye to opposite side
62
If a pt had a stroke that impacted Brodmann's area 8, what would happen?
cant move their eyes past midline to the opposite side of the stroke
- ex Right stroke means they cant move their eyes left and they would stop at midline
63
What are the integrated functions of the frontal lobe?
- frontal eye fields: horizontal gaze center control
- premotor cortex, supplementary motor area, and primary motor cortex - motor control and help M1
- Broca's area - SPEECH
64
What is the last maturing brain structure?
Prefrontal cortex- does not mature until mid-20s to 30s
65
What is the function of the prefrontal cortex?
functional execution, mainly the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
66
What is the orbitofrontal cortex for?
personality, limbic system
67
What lobe has the most efferent fibers in the internal capsule?
FRONTAL lobe
68
Which cerebral communicating fibers are in the internal capsule?
Descending projection fibers
69
What deep brain structures does the internal capsule course through?
- Caudate and putament (anterior limb)
- Thalamus, globus pallidus and putamen (posterior limb)
- angle between = genu
70
What are the integrated functions of the parietal lobe?
comprehension and lateralization
71
What is the lateralization of the right hemisphere in the parietal lobe?
attention of bilateral space, spacial cognition
72
What is the lateralization of the left hemisphere in the parietal lobe?
praxis - how to perform a motion sequentially
73
What is left hemineglect syndrome?
patient can see the left side, just cannot pay attention to the left side, including their own body
- ex : right MCA stroke
74
What are the integrated functions of the occipital lobe?
integrated shape and color of the objects
75
Vision is a _________ perception
learned
76
What does V1 NOT do?
see!
- cant see whole object
77
What are the integrated functions of the temporal lobe?
- Primary auditory cortex and auditory association cortex/unimodal association area: decoding sounds into meaningful words
- Initial area for language processing: Wernicke's area
78
What is lateralization of the right hemisphere for language prosody?
how we say things and tone such as happy/sad/angry.
- pt cant differentiate if this area affected, can read facial expressions only
79
What is the arcuate fasciculus?
conveys information from Wernicke's area to Broca's area
80
What is lateralization of the left hemisphere for in regards to language?
Language production
81
If there is a loss of function in Broca's area, what kind of aphasia happens?
Expressive/nonfluent aphasia, agraphia
82
What is Expressive/nonfluent aphasia?
pt can understand but wont know how to answer
83
If there is a loss in function in Wernicke's area, what kind of aphasia happens?
Fluent aphasia, alexia
84
What is fluent aphasia?
pt cant understand but can answer but nonsensical
85
If the arcuate fasiculus loses function, what kind of aphasia happens?
Conduction aphasia
86
What is conduction aphasia?
pt can understand and speak fluently but cannot connect the two together
87
What is it called if all language centers are compromised?
Global aphasia
88
What is Brodmann's area 4?
M1
89
What is Brodmann's area 17?
V1
90
What is Brodmann's area 3,1,2?
S1
91
What is Brodmann's area 44 and 45?
Broca's area
92
What is Brodmann's area 22?
Wernicke's area
93
What is Brodmann's area 41?
A1
94
A patient with a stroke around the left inferior frontal lobe can't speak fluently. Which Brodmann's area is affected?
Left side Brodmann 44 and 45 aka Broca's area
95
What kind of aphasia would a patient with a stroke on the left inferior frontal lobe have
Expressive aphasia
