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Neurobio Midterm > Lecture 2 - Forebrain > Flashcards

Lecture 2 - Forebrain Flashcards

1
Q

What makes up the forebrain?

A

Telencephalon and Diencephalon

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2
Q

What makes up the hindbrain?

A
  • cerebellum
  • pons
  • medulla oblongata
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3
Q

Where is the primary motor cortex M1?

A

Precentral gyrus
> In the frontal lobe aside the central sulcus
- Cingulate sulcus
- Central sulcus

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4
Q

Where is the primary auditory cortex A1?

A

In the temporal lobe aside the lateral sulcus
- Parietooccipital sulcus
- Preoccipital notch

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5
Q

Where is the postcentral gyrus / primary somatosensory cortex S1?

A

In the parietal lobe aside the central sulcus
- Lateral sulcus

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6
Q

Where is the primary visual cortex V1?

A

In the back o ff the occipital lobe close to the occipital pole
- Calcarine sulcus

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7
Q

What is the insular lobe?

A

The insular cortex is a distinct lobe of the cerebral cortex and forms the floor of the lateral sulcus

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8
Q

What is the left brain for?

A
  • Right field vision
  • Right-side motor skills
  • analytical thought, detail-oriented perception, ordered sequencing, rational thought, verbal, cautious, planning, math/science, logic
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9
Q

What is the right brain for?

A
  • left field vision
  • left side motor skills
  • intuitive thought, holistic perception, random sequencing, emotional thought, non-verbal, adventurous, impulse, creative writing/art, imagination
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10
Q

What is a somatotopy?

A

body part presentation along the M1 and S1

  • S1 follows the homunculus strictly, M1 updated
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11
Q

Which follows the homunculus strictly? M1 or S1?

A

S1

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12
Q

What is gray matter?

A

Somata and dendrites of neurons, glia

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13
Q

Is gray matter superficial or deep?

A

Superficial, covering deep structures

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14
Q

What does gray matter cover?

A

CEREBRAL CORTEX

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15
Q

What is deep in the brain?

A

Nuclei

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16
Q

What is white matter?

A
  • glia
  • Axon bundles: myelinated and nonmyelinated
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17
Q

What are the association fibers?

A

Axonal bundles in the same hemispheres

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18
Q

Where are short association fibers?

A

Around neighboring gyri

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19
Q

Where are long association fibers?

A

Crossing multiple lobes with specific names

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20
Q

What are axonal bundles in the PNS?

A

Nerves

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21
Q

What are axonal bundles in the CNS?

A

Fibers, tracts, fascicules, commissure, lemniscus

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22
Q

What are commissures?

A

posterior and anterior; mainly connecting homologous areas of the two hemispheres

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23
Q

What are projection fibers?

A

axonal bundles bridge the cerebral cortex and subcortical CNS structures

  • Ascending and descending tracts
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24
Q

Are the M1, S1, A1 and V1 located in which cerebral lobes?

A

M1: frontal lobe, precentral gyrus
S1: parietal lobe, postecentral gyrus
A1: temporal lobe
V1: occipital lobe

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25
Q

Where is the caudate?

A

Lateral walls of the lateral ventricles

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26
Q

What basal nuclei is not visible on most sections?

A

nucleus accumbens

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27
Q

Where are the other basal nuclei aside from the caudate, putamen, and globus pallidus?

A

Diencephalon and mesencephalon

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28
Q

Where is the epithalmus in the diencephalon?

A

Pineal gland

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29
Q

Where is the thalmus in the diencephalon?

A
  • flanks space created by the 3rd ventricle
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30
Q

Where is the hypothalamus in the diencephalon? (What does it form?)

A
  • forms the inferior part of wall of 3rd ventricle
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31
Q

What is the final part of the diencephalon outside of the thalamus, hypothalmus and epithalmus?

A

Posterior lobe of the PITUITARY GLAND

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32
Q

What is the subthalmus also known as?

A

subthalmic nuclei

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33
Q

The subthalmus is a component of what?

A

The basal nuclei

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34
Q

What are the three groups of the thalmus?

A

Anterior group, medial group, and lateral group

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35
Q

What are the three groups of the thalmus divided by?

A

The Y-shaped intramedullary lamina

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36
Q

What are the three groups of the thalamus further divided by after the y-shaped intramedullary lamina?

A

into different nuclei according to their functions

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37
Q

What is the center of the autonomic nervous system?

A

hypothalamus

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38
Q

What does the hypothalamus do?

A

regulates homeostasis
- state where conditions are optimal for internal processes to function properly

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39
Q

What does the hypothalamus “bridge”?

A

the nervous system and endocrine system

40
Q

What does the hypothalamus define?

A

Life and death (dramatic damn)

41
Q

What does the hypothalamus have? (RED TEXT)

A

Multiple nuclei

42
Q

How can the cerebral cortex cross-talk to each other and other subcortical CNS structures?

A
  • cortical fibers: association, commissural, and projection
43
Q

Which lobe is M1 located in?

A

frontal lobe, precentral gyrus

44
Q

Which lobe is S1 located in?

A

parietal lobe, postcentral gyrus

45
Q

Which lobe is A1 located in?

A

temporal lobe

46
Q

Which lobe is V1 located in?

A

Occipital lobe

47
Q

Which hemisphere(s) do association fibers communicate with?

A

SAME hemisphere

48
Q

Which hemisphere(s) do commissural fibers communicate with?

A

BILATERAL hemispheres

49
Q

Which hemisphere(s) do projection fibers communicate with?

A

Cortical and Subcortical structures

50
Q

What is the gap between the putamen and caudate for?

A

where projection fibers descend (anterior limb)

51
Q

Where are basal nuclei closer (anterior or posterior?)

A

anteriorly, farther posteriorly

52
Q

What is sometimes between the globus pallidus and putamen?

A

axon bundles

53
Q

what is between the anterior commissures?

A

2 temporal lobes, below rostrum and corpus callosum

54
Q

What is between the posterior commissures?

A

between occipital lobes

55
Q

What is the name for all the axons in the limbic lobe?

A

cingulum

56
Q

Do axonal bundles ever run singularly?

A

NO, always run together

57
Q

What are axonal bundles in the PNS?

A

nerves

58
Q

What are axonal bundles in the CNS?

A

fibers, tracts, fascicules, commissures, lemniscus, etc.

  • MANY NAMES
59
Q

Why is white matter white?

A

axons have a high content of lipids (FAT)

60
Q

What are the two types of PNS glia?

A
  • schwann cells (S1)
  • Satellite cells (S2)
61
Q

What is the role of schwann cells?

A

provide myelin sheath

62
Q

How many axons can schwann cells provide sheaths for?

A

ONLY 1, not others

63
Q

What is the description of satellite cells?

A

like astrocytes in CNS, have poles, sometimes multiple

64
Q

What are the 4 types of glia in the CNS?

A
  • atrocytes
  • oligodendrocytes
  • microglia
  • ependymal cells
65
Q

What are the types of astrocytes?

A

Protoplasmic Astrocytes and Fibrous Astrocytes

66
Q

What are PA and FA astrocytes?

A
  • PA: extracts nutrients from capillary arteries
  • FA: facilitates the functions of the axons of the neurons
67
Q

What is the role of oligodendrocytes?

A

Secrete myelin sheath for axons of neurons (MORE THAN 1)

68
Q

What is the role of ependymal cells?

A

secrete CSF

69
Q

What do ependymal cells form?

A

Choroid plexus

70
Q

Where can ependymal cells only be found?

A

in the ventricular system

71
Q

What do neurons develop to from?

A

neural crest

72
Q

What is a dorsal root ganglion in the PNS?

A

pseudo unipolar neuron mainly for sensory detection

73
Q

What is the multiple of soma called?

A

Somata

74
Q

What is a somata?

A

cell bodies plastered together

  • such as the dorsal root ganglia
75
Q

How many cell bodies per neuron?

A

1

76
Q

How many axons per neuron?

A

0-1

  • either doesnt have or just one axon
77
Q

How many axon TERMINALS per neuron?

A

MANY (500-1000+)

78
Q

How many dendrites per neuron?

A

0-numerous

  • some have none and some only have dendrites as their main composition
79
Q

How thick is the cerebral cortex?

A

2-4mm THIN

80
Q

What lobe does the limbic lobe NOT have a boundary with?

A

Occipital lobe

81
Q

What is within the calcerine sulcus?

A

V1

82
Q

How many brain lobes are visible? What are they?

A

4

  • frontal
  • parietal
  • occipital
  • temporal
83
Q

What 2 brain lobes are not visible?

A

Limbic and insular

84
Q

What makes up the forebrain?

A

telencephalon and diencephalon

85
Q

If you have a right MCA stroke, what happens to the body? (general)

A

Left sided hemi-neglect

86
Q

What are neurons in the CNS?

A

functional units

87
Q

What are glia in the CNS?

A

supportive function

88
Q

What are the 4 types of glia in the CNS?

A
  • astrocytes (PA and FA)
  • oligodendrocytes (OI)
  • microglia (M)
  • ependymal cells (E)
89
Q

What are the neurons in the PNS?

A
  • dorsal root ganglion (DRG)
  • autonomic nervous system ganglion (AG)
90
Q

What integrates the functions of different lobes?

A

long association fibers

91
Q

Which fiber type is short and localized?

A

short association fibers

92
Q

What do commissure fibers usually connect?

A

corresponding lobes in different hemispheres of the brain

93
Q

What is most posterior in the thalamic family?

A

Epithalamus

94
Q

What are anterior in the thalamic family?

A

thalamus, hypothalamus, and pituitary

95
Q

What is the MG of the thalamus for?

A

Hearing (music)

96
Q

What is the LG of the thalamus for?

A

vision and light

Neurobio Midterm (10 decks)

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