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Neurobio Midterm > Lecture 2 - Forebrain > Flashcards

Lecture 2 - Forebrain Flashcards

1
Q

What makes up the forebrain?

A

Telencephalon and Diencephalon

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2
Q

What makes up the hindbrain?

A
  • cerebellum
  • pons
  • medulla oblongata
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3
Q

Where is the primary motor cortex M1?

A

Precentral gyrus
> In the frontal lobe aside the central sulcus
- Cingulate sulcus
- Central sulcus

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4
Q

Where is the primary auditory cortex A1?

A

In the temporal lobe aside the lateral sulcus
- Parietooccipital sulcus
- Preoccipital notch

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5
Q

Where is the postcentral gyrus / primary somatosensory cortex S1?

A

In the parietal lobe aside the central sulcus
- Lateral sulcus

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6
Q

Where is the primary visual cortex V1?

A

In the back o ff the occipital lobe close to the occipital pole
- Calcarine sulcus

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7
Q

What is the insular lobe?

A

The insular cortex is a distinct lobe of the cerebral cortex and forms the floor of the lateral sulcus

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8
Q

What is the left brain for?

A
  • Right field vision
  • Right-side motor skills
  • analytical thought, detail-oriented perception, ordered sequencing, rational thought, verbal, cautious, planning, math/science, logic
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9
Q

What is the right brain for?

A
  • left field vision
  • left side motor skills
  • intuitive thought, holistic perception, random sequencing, emotional thought, non-verbal, adventurous, impulse, creative writing/art, imagination
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10
Q

What is a somatotopy?

A

body part presentation along the M1 and S1

  • S1 follows the homunculus strictly, M1 updated
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11
Q

Which follows the homunculus strictly? M1 or S1?

A

S1

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12
Q

What is gray matter?

A

Somata and dendrites of neurons, glia

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13
Q

Is gray matter superficial or deep?

A

Superficial, covering deep structures

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14
Q

What does gray matter cover?

A

CEREBRAL CORTEX

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15
Q

What is deep in the brain?

A

Nuclei

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16
Q

What is white matter?

A
  • glia
  • Axon bundles: myelinated and nonmyelinated
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17
Q

What are the association fibers?

A

Axonal bundles in the same hemispheres

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18
Q

Where are short association fibers?

A

Around neighboring gyri

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19
Q

Where are long association fibers?

A

Crossing multiple lobes with specific names

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20
Q

What are axonal bundles in the PNS?

A

Nerves

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21
Q

What are axonal bundles in the CNS?

A

Fibers, tracts, fascicules, commissure, lemniscus

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22
Q

What are commissures?

A

posterior and anterior; mainly connecting homologous areas of the two hemispheres

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23
Q

What are projection fibers?

A

axonal bundles bridge the cerebral cortex and subcortical CNS structures

  • Ascending and descending tracts
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24
Q

Are the M1, S1, A1 and V1 located in which cerebral lobes?

A

M1: frontal lobe, precentral gyrus
S1: parietal lobe, postecentral gyrus
A1: temporal lobe
V1: occipital lobe

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25
Where is the caudate?
Lateral walls of the lateral ventricles
26
What basal nuclei is not visible on most sections?
nucleus accumbens
27
Where are the other basal nuclei aside from the caudate, putamen, and globus pallidus?
Diencephalon and mesencephalon
28
Where is the epithalmus in the diencephalon?
Pineal gland
29
Where is the thalmus in the diencephalon?
- flanks space created by the 3rd ventricle
30
Where is the hypothalamus in the diencephalon? (What does it form?)
- forms the inferior part of wall of 3rd ventricle
31
What is the final part of the diencephalon outside of the thalamus, hypothalmus and epithalmus?
Posterior lobe of the PITUITARY GLAND
32
What is the subthalmus also known as?
subthalmic nuclei
33
The subthalmus is a component of what?
The basal nuclei
34
What are the three groups of the thalmus?
Anterior group, medial group, and lateral group
35
What are the three groups of the thalmus divided by?
The Y-shaped intramedullary lamina
36
What are the three groups of the thalamus further divided by after the y-shaped intramedullary lamina?
into different nuclei according to their functions
37
What is the center of the autonomic nervous system?
hypothalamus
38
What does the hypothalamus do?
regulates homeostasis - state where conditions are optimal for internal processes to function properly
39
What does the hypothalamus "bridge"?
the nervous system and endocrine system
40
What does the hypothalamus define?
Life and death (dramatic damn)
41
What does the hypothalamus have? (RED TEXT)
Multiple nuclei
42
How can the cerebral cortex cross-talk to each other and other subcortical CNS structures?
- cortical fibers: association, commissural, and projection
43
Which lobe is M1 located in?
frontal lobe, precentral gyrus
44
Which lobe is S1 located in?
parietal lobe, postcentral gyrus
45
Which lobe is A1 located in?
temporal lobe
46
Which lobe is V1 located in?
Occipital lobe
47
Which hemisphere(s) do association fibers communicate with?
SAME hemisphere
48
Which hemisphere(s) do commissural fibers communicate with?
BILATERAL hemispheres
49
Which hemisphere(s) do projection fibers communicate with?
Cortical and Subcortical structures
50
What is the gap between the putamen and caudate for?
where projection fibers descend (anterior limb)
51
Where are basal nuclei closer (anterior or posterior?)
anteriorly, farther posteriorly
52
What is sometimes between the globus pallidus and putamen?
axon bundles
53
what is between the anterior commissures?
2 temporal lobes, below rostrum and corpus callosum
54
What is between the posterior commissures?
between occipital lobes
55
What is the name for all the axons in the limbic lobe?
cingulum
56
Do axonal bundles ever run singularly?
NO, always run together
57
What are axonal bundles in the PNS?
nerves
58
What are axonal bundles in the CNS?
fibers, tracts, fascicules, commissures, lemniscus, etc. - MANY NAMES
59
Why is white matter white?
axons have a high content of lipids (FAT)
60
What are the two types of PNS glia?
- schwann cells (S1) - Satellite cells (S2)
61
What is the role of schwann cells?
provide myelin sheath
62
How many axons can schwann cells provide sheaths for?
ONLY 1, not others
63
What is the description of satellite cells?
like astrocytes in CNS, have poles, sometimes multiple
64
What are the 4 types of glia in the CNS?
- atrocytes - oligodendrocytes - microglia - ependymal cells
65
What are the types of astrocytes?
Protoplasmic Astrocytes and Fibrous Astrocytes
66
What are PA and FA astrocytes?
- PA: extracts nutrients from capillary arteries - FA: facilitates the functions of the axons of the neurons
67
What is the role of oligodendrocytes?
Secrete myelin sheath for axons of neurons (MORE THAN 1)
68
What is the role of ependymal cells?
secrete CSF
69
What do ependymal cells form?
Choroid plexus
70
Where can ependymal cells only be found?
in the ventricular system
71
What do neurons develop to from?
neural crest
72
What is a dorsal root ganglion in the PNS?
pseudo unipolar neuron mainly for sensory detection
73
What is the multiple of soma called?
Somata
74
What is a somata?
cell bodies plastered together - such as the dorsal root ganglia
75
How many cell bodies per neuron?
1
76
How many axons per neuron?
0-1 - either doesnt have or just one axon
77
How many axon TERMINALS per neuron?
MANY (500-1000+)
78
How many dendrites per neuron?
0-numerous - some have none and some only have dendrites as their main composition
79
How thick is the cerebral cortex?
2-4mm THIN
80
What lobe does the limbic lobe NOT have a boundary with?
Occipital lobe
81
What is within the calcerine sulcus?
V1
82
How many brain lobes are visible? What are they?
4 - frontal - parietal - occipital - temporal
83
What 2 brain lobes are not visible?
Limbic and insular
84
What makes up the forebrain?
telencephalon and diencephalon
85
If you have a right MCA stroke, what happens to the body? (general)
Left sided hemi-neglect
86
What are neurons in the CNS?
functional units
87
What are glia in the CNS?
supportive function
88
What are the 4 types of glia in the CNS?
- astrocytes (PA and FA) - oligodendrocytes (OI) - microglia (M) - ependymal cells (E)
89
What are the neurons in the PNS?
- dorsal root ganglion (DRG) - autonomic nervous system ganglion (AG)
90
What integrates the functions of different lobes?
long association fibers
91
Which fiber type is short and localized?
short association fibers
92
What do commissure fibers usually connect?
corresponding lobes in different hemispheres of the brain
93
What is most posterior in the thalamic family?
Epithalamus
94
What are anterior in the thalamic family?
thalamus, hypothalamus, and pituitary
95
What is the MG of the thalamus for?
Hearing (music)
96
What is the LG of the thalamus for?
vision and light

Neurobio Midterm (10 decks)

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