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MIMM 211 > Lecture 8: Sporulation and germination > Flashcards

Lecture 8: Sporulation and germination Flashcards

1
Q

The major function of the cytoplasm in bacteria is to serve as […]

A

The site of numerous chemical/metabolic reactions

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2
Q

Name 3 major components in the bacterial cytoplasm.

A

The nucleoid, ribosomes, and inclusion bodies

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3
Q

Give 3 examples of what inclusion bodies could be in the cytoplasm.

A

They could be storage reserves of nutrients such as carbon or nitrogen, gaz vacuoles (to help bacteria float), or magnetosomes for magnetotaxis

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4
Q

The cytoplasm is organized by a […]

A

Cytoskeleton

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5
Q

What type of bacteria can produce endospores?

A

Only a subset of gram-positive bacteria.

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6
Q

What is a bacterial endospore?

A

It is a nongrowing, resting structure that can resist very harsh environmental conditions for hundreds of years.

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7
Q

The formation of endospores is induced when […]

A

Growth conditions are no longer favourable- shortage of nutrients, harsh environment, etc.

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8
Q

In […] conditions, endospores can start growing again. These are called […]

A

Favourable, vegetative

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9
Q

The formation of endospores is called […]

A

Sporulation

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10
Q

Vegetative cells normally reproduce by […] into two [equal/unequal] parts

A

Binary fission, equal

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11
Q

Name the 8 steps of sporulation.

A
  1. The cell divides into two unequal parts, each with a copy of the genome.
  2. The larger part engulfs the smaller part (the forespore)
  3. The forespore matures to become an endospore with a double membrane, while other copy of the DNA starts degrading.
  4. The inner cortex (the peptidolycan) forms for protection
  5. The spore coat forms, which consists of a keratin-like protein
  6. The exosporium forms consisting of proteins, polysaccharides, and lipids
  7. The cell is dehydrated until it breaks open and liberates the endospore.
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12
Q

The smaller part of the unequal division during sporulation is called the […]

A

Forespore

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13
Q

The steps in sporulation that contribute to the synthesis of a protective thick wall are […]

A

The formation of an inner cortex (peptidoglycan), spore coat, and exosporium

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14
Q

When the endospore is dehydrated during sporulation, it goes from […] to […] water.

A

90% to 15%

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15
Q

The process of going from an endospore to a vegetative cell is called […]

A

Germination

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16
Q

Name the 3 steps of germination.

A
  1. The permeability of the wall changes to allow water entry
  2. The endospore swells until the coat ruptures
  3. A new cell, the germ tubes, grows out of the protective coat.
17
Q

The new cell that emerges during germination is called the […]

A

Germ tube

18
Q

Name 4 types of cell growth and division.

A

Binary fission, budding, fragmentation (filmentous growth), and exospore formation.

19
Q

Describe the 5 steps in conventional binary fission.

A
  1. Start with a cell that has just finished division and is as small as possible.
  2. Metabolic processes begin and the chromosome begins replication as the cell grows.
  3. The daughter chromosomes separate and the genome replication is complete.
  4. The membrane and wall are invaginated down the center,
  5. The cell is divided in two and the cycle restarts.
20
Q

Cocci dividing along one plane can yield […] or […]

A

Diplococci, streptococci

21
Q

Cocci dividing along two planes can yield […]

A

Tetrads

22
Q

Cocci dividing along three plans and that remain in groups of 8 are called […]

A

Sarcinae

23
Q

Cocci that divide in multiple planes and that form clusters are called […]

A

Staphylococci

24
Q

Streptococci chains expand from […] the chain.

A

Within and at the ends of

25
Q

Explain what budding is.

A

It is when the new cell (the bud) grows to the same size as the mother cell and then divides directly off of it.

26
Q

What are bud scars?

A

They are marks on the mother cell from after cells bud off that can show how many daughter cells have been produced from it.

27
Q

What type of microorganisms undergo filamentous growth?

A

Fungi

28
Q

Describe the process of filamentous growth.

A

The cell undergoes isotropic growth, growing in size, and at one end polarity is established and a filament grows out of it. Structures then grow off of the filament.

29
Q

When sporulation occurs, the concentrations of […] and […] increase in the endospore.

A

Calcium and dipicolinic acid

MIMM 211 (38 decks)

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