Lecture 35: Antibiotics II Flashcards
How has antibiotic resistance evolved over time?
It has risen over the past 20 years.
What type of antibiotic resistance has risen the most in the last 20 years?
Fluoroquinolones
What type of antibiotic resistance is most concerning? Why?
Resistance to carbapanems, as they are our last resort antibiotic if the microbe is resistant to other drugs.
What is antibiotic resistance?
The ability for bacteria to grow in the presence of antibiotics.
What is multidrug resistance?
The resistance of a microbe to multiple compounds
Antibiotic resistance is defined by what metric?
A high MIC (minimal inhibitory concentration)
In a disc diffusion assay, what type of result indicates antibiotic resistance?
A small zone of inhibition indicates high resistance.
How does human behaviour affect antibiotic resistance?
It accelerates the emergence, selection, and spread of antibiotic resistance.
What are the two origins of antibiotic resistance in microorganisms?
Advantageous mutations (by chance) or expropriating genes
Explain how advantagenous mutations can lead to antibiotic resistance in microorganisms. What is required for an advantagenous mutation to be successful?
A mutation takes place that is selected for. If the mutation becomes fixed, it can be passed down to daughter cells and the resistance can be passed on.
Explain how expropriating genes can lead to antibiotic resistance.
Certain resistance mechanisms or plasmids encoding resistance genes can be shared among microorganisms. Bacteriophages can also contribute to gene sharing.
What is the difference between vertical gene transfer and horizontal gene transfer of antibiotic resistance?
Vertical = trait passed from one generation to another within a given species, with clonal expansion.
Horizontal = trait transferred to different bacteria, potentially of a different species, by conjugation or plasmids, by transformation, or by bacteriophage integration.
Antibiotics can have [one/multiple] mechanism(s) of resistance, and specific mechanisms can confer resistance to [one/multiple] class(es) of antibiotics.
Multiple, multiple
Name the 7 major mechanisms of antibiotic resistance.
- Low permeability
- Drug efflux
- Target mutation
- Target modification
- Drug modification/degradation
- Overproduction of target mimic
- Factor-associated protein
What is intrinsic resistance?
It is an antibiotic resistance property that is not unique, but is instead shared by many bacteria based on a morphological property, such as the structure of the membrane.