Lecture 26: Virology I Flashcards
What is the definition of a virus?
An infectious, obligate intracellular parasite comprising genetic material surrounded by a protein coat (capsid) and, in some cases, a lipid membrane (envelope)
Why are viruses considered as parasites?
Because they need to infect a cell in order to reproduce.
What are glycoproteins?
They are protein spikes embedded in the lipid envelope that some viruses have.
Are viruses alive?
No.
Name 4 reasons why viruses are not considered to be living.
- They do not reproduce on their own.
- They only multiply from the assembly of pre-formed components made in the infected cell.
- They cannot produce ATP on their own
- They are not free-living, as they cannot reproduce outside of a cell.
What are the 2 phases of viruses?
The virion, when it exists in the environment as an infectious particle, and the infected cell.
What is the origin of viruses?
There is not definitive explanation for the origin of viruses, only hypotheses.
Name 3 possible hypotheses for the origin of viruses.
- From mobile genetic elements that gained the ability to move between cells
- From free-living organisms that adapted a parasitic replication strategy
- They may have evolved before cells and led to the evolution of cellular life.
How do viruses replicate?
They replicate by assembly of pre-formed components into many particles. Once in the infected cells, they make the parts and assemble the final product.
How does the growth curve of viruses differ from that of bacteria?
Viruses do not display an exponential growth phase, unlike bacteria.
What are metagenomics?
It is a sequence analysis of genetic material from environmental samples.
What are metagenomics used for?
They can be used to estimate the number of viruses on earth.
Are viruses or bacteria more prevalent?
Viruses outnumber bacteria in every habitat.
How many bacteriophages are present in the world’s waters?
More than 10^30
How much of the species abundance and biomass on living beings do viruses make up?
Abundance: they comprise 94% of species
Biomass: they are small, so they only comprise 5% biomass